A. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Loss of income – As per Salary slips gross monthly remuneration came to Rs.78,051/- -- Ld. Tribunal deducted Dearness Allowance (DA), dress allowance, and soap toilet allowance and assessed his salary at Rs.64,298/- -- This approach is no longer tenable in the eyes of law -- For computing “loss of income,” one must reckon the full taxable income, including all money-based benefits and allowances, and not merely basic pay or selected allowances – Only income tax is to be deducted from the gross salary – Taken Gross salary i.e. {(basic + all allowances) – income tax} as the proper basis for calculating loss of income, assessed at Rs.72,592/- (Rounded off to Rs.72,600/-), after deducting income tax.

(Para 9-12)

B. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case – Interest @ 9% p.a. -- Compensation enhanced in appeal by Rs.29,47,775/- -- Appellants/claimants granted the interest @ 9% per annum on the enhanced amount from the date of filing of claim petition till the date of its realization.

(Para 14, 15)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138, 142 – Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 528 -- Cheque bounce case -- Time barred complaint – Quashing of summons/ complaint -- Condonation of delay -- Complaint filed beyond the time prescribed under the statute, there cannot be an automatic or presumed condonation -- There cannot be any deviation except when an application accompanying the complaint is filed seeking condonation disclosing reasons for the delay -- It is obligatory on the part of the Court to take note of such filing beyond limitation and to consider the reasons disclosed independently and to come to a judicious conclusion that in the facts and circumstances of that case condonation is justified -- The same not having been done, the order cannot be sustained – Summoning order set aside, complaint quashed.

(Para 6-9)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 498A, 323, 504, 34 -- Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (Act No. 28 of 1961), Section 3, 4 – Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 528 -- Quashing of FIR/ criminal proceedings – Father-in-law and Moher-in-law -- Cruelty and dowry demand -- FIR shows that the allegations made are vague and omnibus inasmuch as there is an absence of any specific instance or occasion detailed with particulars wherein the appellants demanded dowry from complainant and on refusal of the same, subjected her to mental and physical cruelty -- Only allegations levelled against the appellants are that subsequent to the birth of her daughter, the conduct of her husband underwent a change on account of the alleged inducement exercised by the in-laws including the appellants for the purpose of demanding additional dowry and that pursuant to the counselling conducted at the Women Police Station, they nevertheless continued to subject complainant to mental and physical cruelty -- Aforesaid allegations even if taken at their face value, do not prima facie disclose the commission of the alleged offences so as to warrant the initiation of criminal proceedings – Criminal proceedings quashed.

(Para 8, 14, 15, 18)

A. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 13 Rule 1 – Exhibition of document -- Merely because a document has been assigned exhibit number, it does not mean that the document stands proved in accordance with law.

(Para 4)

B. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 6 Rule 2 – Pleading of evidence -- Pleadings are required to contain only a statement in a concise form of the material facts on which the party pleading relies for his claim or defence, as the case may be, but not the evidence by which they are to be proved.

(Para 5)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 21 Rule 54, Order 37 Rule 4 – Constitution of India, Article 227 -- Execution of ex-parte decree – Application for setting aside the ex-parte decree is pending consideration – Effect of --  Warrant of auction/ sale issued against the attached property of the petitioner/ Judgment Debtor – Revisional jurisdiction -- Held, in the event of auction of the property, the very purpose of filing the application under Order XXXVII Rule 4 CPC would be frustrated -- Revision petition disposed of, impugned orders set aside -- Learned trial Court directed to decide the application under Order XXXVII Rule 4 CPC, which is pending consideration within a period of two months.

(Para 1-6)

Punjab Rent Act, 1995 (13 of 2012), Section 24 -- Rent laws -- Leave to contest – Challenge to – Evidence of the petitioner already recorded and the trial has substantially progressed – Once the parties have acted upon an order, and the proceedings have advanced substantially, the clock cannot ordinarily be set back unless grave prejudice or failure of justice is demonstrated -- At this stage, to remand the case back for reconsideration of the application for leave to contest would not only result in duplication of proceedings, but would also defeat the object of expeditious disposal contemplated under the Punjab Rent Act, particularly under Section 24 of Punjab Rent Act, 1995, which provides a summary and time-bound mechanism – Held, question of setting aside the order granting leave to contest and remanding the matter for reconsideration of that very issue becomes largely academic and impermissible in law -- Rent Controller ordered to make an endeavour to dispose of the eviction petition expeditiously, in accordance with law.

(Para 5-10)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Functus officio -- Application for Release of FDR in new account -- Learned MACT, declined the application on the grounds that the Tribunal has become functus officio after ordering the release of FDR – Held, considering the fact that release of amount is still not made and until and unless award holder get the amount of compensation, Tribunal retains the jurisdiction -- Impugned order set aside -- Learned MACT directed to decide the application of the petitioner.

(Para 4, 5)

A. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 16 Rule 2 -- Diet money – Delay in deposit – Summons to witness – Court was duty-bound to issue summons to the witnesses for whom the diet money had been deposited -- Impugned order, by closing the petitioner’s evidence without issuing summons or initiating coercive process, reflects a clear non-observance of mandatory judicial obligations – Impugned order set aside.

(Para 5, 6)

B. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 16 Rule 10 – Constitution of India, Article 227 -- Summons to witness – Coercive steps – Mandate of – Revisional jurisdiction -- Despite proper service, the witnesses failed to appear before the Court -- In such circumstances, the learned Civil Judge was under a statutory and judicial obligation to take all necessary steps, including issuing coercive process, to secure the attendance of the witnesses -- Instead, Ld. Civil Judge closed the evidence of the petitioner -- Impugned order suffers from material illegality, non-observance of mandatory procedural safeguards, and warrants interference under the revisional jurisdiction of High Court – Impugned order set aside – Ld. Civil Judge directed to secure the presence of the duly served witnesses by issuing appropriate coercive process.

(Para 6)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Section 60, Order 21 Rule 46A, 46B – Attachment of Bank account -- Executing Court ordered  for attachment of only one Bank Account -- Subsequent attachment of another account of the Judgment Debtor without any specific order is clearly not in consonance with the Court’s directions -- Attachment of the latter account revoked.

(Para 3)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 – Summoning of additional accused – Nature -- Power conferred under this Section is extraordinary and discretionary in nature, intended to be exercised sparingly and with due circumspection -- While invoking it, the Court must be satisfied that the evidence appearing against the person sought to be summoned is such that it prima facie necessitates bringing such person to face trial -- Degree of satisfaction required is higher than that warranted at the stage of framing of charge, yet short of the satisfaction necessary to record a conviction -- Such satisfaction must rest on cogent and credible material brought on record during the trial, and not based on conjectures or speculations.

(Para 6, 7)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 – Summoning of additional accused – Improved deposition – Effect of -- At this stage, deposition cannot be construed as an embellished or improved one simply because of the absence of certain particulars in the FIR, particularly when his testimony is consistent with the overall narrative -- Conducting a mini-trial at the stage of summoning is impermissible -- At the stage of deciding the application u/s 319 CrPC, the Court is not required to test the credibility or weigh the probative value of the evidence as would be done at the end of the trial for determining the conviction or otherwise of the accused -- What the Court has to consider at this stage is whether the material on record reasonably indicates involvement of the proposed accused so as to exercise the extraordinary power -- Conjointly reading of PW-2’s deposition along with her Section 161 statement, it was found that a specific and overt act has been assigned to the respondents -- Whether she actually witnessed the firing or arrived immediately thereafter, and the extent to which her statement inspires confidence, are matters that are to be determined at the stage of trial, upon full appreciation of the evidence.

(Para 8-12)

C. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 32(1) – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 161, 162, 319 -- Dying declaration – Statement u/s 161 Cr.P.C. -- Acceptability of – Summoning of additional accused -- A statement made by a deceased person, as to the cause of his death or to the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death, to a Police Officer and recorded u/s 161 CrPC, shall be relevant and admissible under Section 32(1) of the Evidence Act, notwithstanding the express bar provided in Section 162 CrPC -- Such a statement, upon the death of the declarant, assumes the character of a dying declaration -- Dying declaration need not necessarily be recorded in the presence of a Magistrate, and that the lack of a doctor's certification as to the fitness of the declarant’s state of mind would not ipso facto render the dying declaration unacceptable -- Any inconsistencies between them, as well as their evidentiary value, reliability, and the weight to be attached to them are, again, matters which are to be examined at trial and not at the preliminary stage of summoning.

(Para 14, 15)

D. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 32(1) -- Dying declaration – Delayed death – Effect of -- Death of the deceased occurred after a substantial lapse of time from their recordings -- Law does not require that a declarant, at the time of making the statement, to be under the shadow of death or the expectation that death is imminent -- Here the time gap between the incident and the death is less than 2 months -- In any event, Section 32 of the Evidence Act, contains no such limitation -- What is pertinent is that the statement relates either to the cause of death or the circumstances leading to it.

(Para 16)

A. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 25, 430 – Concurrent running of sentence – Presumption of – Suspension of sentence -- When the trial Court does not mention that the sentence would run concurrently or consecutively, the primafacie benefit should be given to the accused, and it should be primafacie presumed that the sentence shall run concurrently, not consecutively -- If the applicant files an application for suspension of sentence, the same shall be decided by primafacie presuming that the sentence is concurrent and not consecutive.

(Para 12-16)

B. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 25, 415 – Conviction by Trial court in different offenses – Appeal in High court -- Listing of Appeal/ Revision before Division bench or Single Bench – Procedure of -- To decide the jurisdiction, highest sentence imposed shall be counted and not the total of all the sentences -- Observations made are only for the purposes of the case shall not be considered as any order or directions to the Registry -- A copy of the order sent to the Registrar (Listing) to bring it to the notice of the Hon’ble the Chief Justice for the Lordship to consider taking a decision on the Administrative Side.

(Para 20)

Constitution of India, Article 136 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 34 – Murder -- Appeal against acquittal – Scope of – Session court’s conviction order set aside by High Court, acquitting the accused -- Guilt of the accused and the commission of the offence by the accused have to be established beyond reasonable doubt -- Circumstances should suggest “must or should” and not “may be” -- It is a well-settled principle that there must exist “substantial and compelling reasons” to upset the acquittal -- Once the court acquits the accused, the presumption of innocence is reinforced -- Thereafter, the interference by the appellate court would be minimal and has to be guided by strong and cogent reasons -- Reversal of acquittal should not be a matter of course just because the other view is considered to be possible by the appellate court -- Even when the appellate court re-appreciates the evidence while dealing with the judgment and order of acquittal, the innocence attributed to the accused acquitted from the charges of offences would be a weighty rebuttable factor -- Plausible conclusion by High Court, acquitting accused – Appeal dismissed.

(Para 1, 2, 7, 9-9.2, 10, 11)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 376D -- Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 3(1)(w)(i) & 3(2)(v) -- Rape – Murder – SC/ST Act -- Circumstantial evidence -- Medical evidence regarding the homicidal death and the rape committed on the victim, the time of death as stated in the postmortem report, the accused having been found in the same vicinity as the victim and the failure of the accused to establish the alibi as spoken of u/s 313 questioning, would provide a complete chain of circumstances to convict the accused under Sections 302 & 376D read with Section 34 of the IPC -- Though the prosecution has proved the caste of the victim/deceased, there is nothing to indicate that the accused knew the caste of the victim or even that they were in any manner acquainted with the victim, to be aware of her caste status -- No offence under the provisions of the SC/ST Act – Sentenced to 25 years without remission.

(Para 12, 13, 16)

Constitution of India, Article 226 -- Frozen of Bank Account – Release of amount -- Bank directed to keep the disputed amount (the amount which was transferred illegally in the bank account of the petitioner) frozen and allow the petitioner to make transactions from his bank account from the remaining balance -- Bank shall send a communication to the concerned Investigating Officer/Police, to indicate the amount to be earmarked for lien, while endorsing a copy of the instant order -- Upon receipt of such communication/ letter, the concerned Investigating Officer/ Police shall be under an obligation to apprise the respondent-Bank about the amount to be kept in lien, within a period of seven days of receiving the communication from the respondent-Bank.

(Para 2-4)

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996), Section 11(6) (6A), 16 – Appointment of Arbitrator -- Party's capacity to invoke Arbitration and maintainability issues fall within Arbitration tribunal's domain -- Once the High Court was satisfied that an arbitration agreement prima facie existed, an aspect neither seriously disputed nor refutable at this stage, its decision to constitute the AT cannot be faulted -- A detailed scrutiny on the basis of evidence must be left to AT -- Whether first respondent has validly invoked arbitration individually, whether the Consortium continues to exist, whether consent of other Consortium partners was necessary, and whether claims are maintainable after commencement of liquidation, are all matters which may legitimately be raised, contested and determined before the AT under Section 16 --  Entertaining these questions here would amount to conducting a mini trial at the Section 11 stage, contrary to the settled principles of minimal judicial intervention.  

(Para 19)

A. Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925), Section 63(c) – Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 68 – Will – Suspicious circumstances -- Court cannot put the testator in its shoes, and Court should step into his – Court cannot substitute its opinions in place of that of the testator; his desire prompted by his own justifications -- As is trite, Court would only ensure that, sitting in the arm-chair of the testator the rule of prudence is satisfied for the exclusion.

(Para 28)

B. Indian Succession Act, 1925 (39 of 1925), Section 63(c) – Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 68 – Will – Deposition on leading question in cross-examination – Evidential value -- Presence of the testator and the attesting witnesses and the signatures affixed on the will by each of them have been stated by DW-2 in his deposition – Attestation by other witness was not deposed to -- High Court found that though in the examination-in chief, the witness did not depose on the attestation by the other witness, in cross-examination to a leading question he answered that all persons signed on the will on the date when the witness signed the same – High court held that that by the leading question, the answer was put in the mouth of the witness and hence, it lacks probative value and fell short of the mandate u/s 63(c) of the ISA, 1925 read with Section 68 of the IEA, 1872 – Held, what was lacking in the examination-in-chief was brought out in the cross examination by way of a positive suggestion -- Leading questions are permitted in cross-examinations and the response elicited cannot be said to have lesser probative value -- Testator was also established to be of sound and disposing mind at the time of execution of the will -- There can be no interference to the Will which stands proved unequivocally.

(Para 6, 29)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 397, 401 -- Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Income Tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), Section 269SS – Cheque bounce complaint -- Cash transaction above Rs.20, 000/- -- Effect of -- High Court acquitted the accused mainly on the ground that the petitioner having extended financial assistance to the tune of Rs. 9,00,000/- by way of cash transaction in violation of provisions of Section 269SS of the Income Tax Act, 1961 -- Judgment rendered by the Kerala High Court in P.C. Hari Vs. Shine Varghese & Anr.: 2025 SCC Online Ker 5535, came up for consideration before Supreme Court, particularly, on the issue as to whether the cash transaction more than Rs 20,000/- (Rupees twenty thousand) is in violation of Section 269SS would render the transaction unenforceable under Section 138 of NI Act – It was held that any violation of Section 269SS would not render the transaction unenforceable under Section 138 of the NI Act or rebut the presumptions under Sections 118 and 139 of the NI Act -- Accordingly, the conclusion of law in P.C. Hari’s case set aside – Held, very foundation of the impugned judgment does not survive as the legal proposition on which the impugned judgment has been rendered, has been set aside -- Matter remitted back to the High Court for consideration afresh on merits as permissible under the revisional jurisdiction.

(Para 3-9)

Punjab Civil Services (Punishment & Appeal) Rules, Chapter I, Volume II, Rule 2.2(b) -- Disciplinary proceedings after retirement – Legality of -- Disciplinary proceedings cannot be initiated or continued against retired employees holding non-pensionable posts -- Foundational charge against the petitioner, relating to moisture gain, is unrelated to his duties as a Security Guard and has no statutory or rule-based foundation -- Impugned charge-sheets and subsequent proceedings  deserve to be set-aside -- Withholding of the petitioner’s retiral dues are without any legal or statutory basis -- Charge-sheets set-aside and the impugned order withholding the retiral dues of the petitioner to the tune of Rs.9,03,598/- set-aside -- Respondents directed to release the retiral dues of the petitioner amounting to Rs.9,03,598/- along with simple interest at the rate of 6% per annum, to be calculated from the date of retirement till its realization.

(Para 6-9)

Passports Act, 1967 (15 of 1967), Section 6, 22 – Notification dated 25th August, 1993 -- Office Memorandum dated 10.10.2019 issued by Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India – Criminal case pending – Issuance of Passport – Right to go abroad -- High Court can, during the pendency of Criminal Proceedings grant the necessary clearance to the applicant enabling him to apply for a passport – Petitioner granted permission to apply for the issuance of a passport before the passport authority and the said authority without raising objecting relating to pendency of criminal cases against the present petitioner but subject to other conditions being fulfilled considering the case of petitioner for the issuance of passport in accordance with law -- However, petitioner shall have to seek permission from the Trial Court before going abroad and grant of permission to apply for a passport shall not be construed as implied permission to go abroad.

(Para 5, 6, 10, 11)

A. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Eye witness to the accident – Requirement of -- FIR u/s 279 and 304-A of the IPC was also registered on the same day against the driver of the offending vehicle, who also faced trial before the Illaqa Magistrate -- It is not necessary that there would be an eyewitness in such type of motor vehicle accident cases and merely due to non-examination of an eyewitness the impugned award passed by the Tribunal can be faulted.

(Para 7)

B. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Compensation in motor vehicle accident case – ITR field after accident/ death – Reliance upon -- Income Tax Returns filed after the accident/ death can also be taken into consideration for assessing the income of the deceased.

(Para 8)

General Provident Fund (Central Services) Rules, 1960, Rule 33 – GPF Funds – Nomination in favour of mother – Subsequent marriage – Effect of -- Nomination in favour of the mother/ respondent no.1 would become invalid upon him acquiring a family (marriage or otherwise), as such, by function thereof, it became invalid in 2003 -- He did not alter the nomination to comply therewith – Held, where a subscriber neglects to or fails to make such changes, that Rules have been prescribed, laying down how the money is to be distributed amongst survivors.

(Para 2-7)

A. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996), Section 31 -- Arbitral award – Interest on Pre-award/ Post award period – Mandate of -- Award is in two parts, the first part i.e., clause (a) deals with passing of an award which would include interest upto the date on which the award is made, while the second part, i.e., clause (b) deals with the grant of interest on the sum awarded by the arbitral tribunal -- Intent behind granting the pre-award interest is to compensate the claimant for the loss suffered from the time the cause of action arose till the passing of the arbitral award -- Similarly, the intent behind grant of post-award interest is to discourage the award-debtor from delaying the payment of the arbitral amount to the award-holder -- Grant of interest during the pre-award period is subject to the agreement as regard the rate of interest or unpaid sum between the parties – Grant of post-award interest under Section 31(7)(b) is mandatory -- Only discretion which the arbitral tribunal has is to decide the rate of interest to be awarded -- Where the arbitrator does not fix any rate of interest, then the statutory rate, as provided in Section 31(7)(b), shall apply -- Unless there is an express bar contained in the agreement, the arbitrator possesses the discretion and has jurisdiction to award interest including the post-award interest.

(Para 39-42)

B. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996), Section 31, 34, 37 – Arbitration award -- Re-appreciation of evidence – Permissibility of -- Both the courts below concurrently held after a detailed analysis of the evidence as regards the genuineness of the loan agreement, thereby affirming the rate of interest at 24% p.a. -- To take a view contrary would amount to re-appreciation of evidence, which is prohibited under the scheme of the Act, 1996 -- The proviso to Section 34(2A) of the Act, 1996 explicitly prohibits re-appreciation of evidence.

(Para 45)

C. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996), Section 34 -- 24% Exorbitant interest in agreement -- Whether interest at the rate of 24% as provided in the agreements between the parties could be said to be against public policy? -- On a plain and grammatical construction of clauses (ii) and (iii) of Explanation 1 to Section 34(2)(b) of the Act, 1996 it cannot be said that the imposition of an exorbitant interest in the background of contemporary commercial practices, would be against the fundamental policy of Indian Law, or against the basic notions of morality or justice -- It is well-settled that fundamental policy of Indian law does not refer to violation of any Statue but fundamental principles on which Indian law is founded -- Any difference or controversy as to rate of interest clearly falls outside the scope of challenge on the ground of conflict with the public policy of India unless it is evident that the rate of interest awarded is so perverse and so unreasonable so as to shock the conscience of the Court sans which no interference is warranted in the award, whereby interest is awarded by the Arbitrator.

(Para 49-53)

A. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 8, Rule 6A -- Counter claim against the co-defendant cannot survive and the same has to be rejected.

(Para 14)

B. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 1 Rule 9 -- Non-joinder of necessary party -- Original sole defendant filed a written statement contending that two others (defendant Nos.2 and 3, subsequently impleaded) were the persons in possession of part of the suit property and hence the suit is bad for nonjoinder of the necessary parties -- Impleadment of the 2nd and 3^rd defendants though voluntarily made by themselves, saves the suit from the defect of non-joinder of necessary parties.

(Para 6, 14)

A. Foreigners Act, 1946 (31 of 1946), Section 3(2)(b), 5(1)(b) -- Foreigners Order, 1948, Clause 5(1)(b) -- Foreigners Rules, 1992, Ruel 3, 5(1)(b), 11 – Bail – Restrictions on foreigners -- When a foreigner’s presence is required in India to answer a criminal charge, permission to leave India must be refused -- Therefore, once a foreigner is released on bail, he cannot leave India without the permission of the Civil Authority, as provided in clause 5 of the Order -- Under clause 11 and other clauses of the Order, various restrictions can be imposed on a foreigner while he is in India -- Said power is wholly independent of the power to grant bail.

(Para 5)

B. Foreigners Act, 1946 (31 of 1946), Section 3(2)(g) – Detention/ Regular bail to foreigner – Independent in nature -- Power to arrest or detain a foreigner under the Act is independent of the power of the criminal court to grant bail -- Notwithstanding the bail granted by a criminal court, the power to arrest and detain a foreigner can be exercised, provided the Central Government makes an order in terms of clause (g) of Section 3(2) of the Act.

(Para 5)

C. Foreigners Act, 1946 (31 of 1946), Section 14 -- Foreigners Order, 1948 – Bail to foreigner -- Civil Authority or the Registration Officer as a party – Necessity of -- No need to make Civil Authority or the Registration Officer as a party to a bail application filed by a foreigner or a notice of the bail application be issued to the said authorities -- No locus to oppose bail application unless bail is sought where the allegation is of the offence punishable u/s 14 of the Act -- Impleadment of the Civil Authority or Registration Officer in all bail applications filed by foreigners may result in unnecessary delay in deciding the bail applications.

(Para 6)

D. Foreigners Rules, 1992, Ruel 3, 5(1)(b), 11 – Bail to foreigner -- Restrictions on foreigners -- Conditions : (i) While granting bail to a foreigner within the meaning of the Act, the concerned court shall issue direction to the State or prosecuting agency, as the case may be, to immediately communicate the order granting bail to the concerned Registration Officer appointed under Rule 3 of the Rules who, in turn, shall communicate the order to all concerned authorities including the Civil Authorities -- If such information is furnished, it will enable the authorities under the Act, the Rules and the Order to take appropriate steps in accordance with the law; and (ii) A copy of this order forwarded to Registrar Generals of all the High Courts, who in turn will forward the copies of the order to all the criminal courts in the respective States.

(Para 8)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case – Plying vehicle with no-permit – Principle to pay and recover for Insurance company -- Accident took place within the territorial limits of the State of Haryana (Sonepat) -- Offending vehicle was having a permit to ply in the State of Punjab only -- It had no permit to ply in the State of Haryana – In such cases, the liability to pay compensation would be that of the driver/owner -- Nevertheless, the Insurance Company would pay the compensation amount in the first instance and would then be entitled to recover the same from the driver/owner.

(Para 16, 21)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case – Injury case -- No permanent disability suffered by the appellant however suffered a head injury as a result of which he initially remained admitted in hospital from 10.09.2013 to 29.09.2013 and then from 15.10.2013 to 30.10.2013 and again from 02.07.2014 to 06.07.2014 -- For about one year, the appellant was having problems -- Must not have been able to work properly for at least for six months for that Rs.48,000/- (Rs.8000/- x 6) -- Medical expenses, for, the bills produced Rs.1,95,863/- -- Attendant charges Rs.8,000/- per month i.e. Rs.48,000/- (Rs.8000/- X 6) -- Pain and suffering Rs.2 lakhs -- Special diet Rs.25,000/- -- Transportation charges Rs.20,000/- – Total compensation comes to Rs.5,16,863/- -- After deducting a sum of Rs.2,54,863/- as assessed by the MACT, the balance compensation comes to Rs.2,62,000/- -- This amount would be payable along with interest @ 7.5% per cent annually.

(Para 15-17)

Constitution of India, Articles 14, 21 -- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (49 of 2016), Section 2(h), 3, 39, 40, 47(1)(a), 89 – Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (10 of 1993), Section 2(d) -- India’s international obligations under the UNCRPD, Article 31 -- Tamil Nadu Prison Rules, 1983, Rules 196, 197, 198(iii) – Right of person with disabilities in prison – In addition to the salutary directions set out in L. Muruganantham, 2025 SCC OnLine SC 1444 = (2025) Law Today Live Doc. Id. 20637 = 2025 INSC 844, following directions shall also be read in conjunction with the mandate of the said judgment: -

A. The directions issued by this Court in L. Muruganantham (supra) shall be extended to all the States and the Union Territories, to ensure that the principles are adopted mutatis mutandis within their prison systems as well.

B. Every State and Union Territories shall establish a robust, independent and accessible grievance redressal mechanism specifically designed for prisoners with disabilities. The said mechanism shall ensure prompt registration, effective monitoring and timely resolution of complaints, so as to safeguard inmates from systemic neglect, abuse and discriminatory practices.

C. Appropriate facilities shall be created to ensure that prisoners with disabilities have meaningful access to inclusive education within the prison system. No inmate shall be deprived of the opportunity to pursue educational programmes solely on account of disability, and suitable adjustments shall be made to facilitate their effective participation.

D. Section 89 of the RPwd Act shall mutatis mutandis be made applicable to prison establishments across the country. All prison authorities shall take adequate steps to disseminate awareness of the obligations flowing from the said provision to all officers, staff, legal-aid personnel, and other stakeholders.

E. Learned counsel appearing for the petitioner has sought directions for the provision of appropriate assistive devices, mobility aids, and other support equipment to prisoners with disabilities. However, considering the crucial issue relating to prison security and the practical modalities of implementation, we, for the present, deem it appropriate to call upon all States and Union Territories to indicate in its compliance report the structured institutional mechanism proposed to ensure the regular availability, maintenance, and secure provision of assistive devices, mobility aids, and other disability-support equipment for prisoners with disabilities. The affidavit shall clearly outline the procedures, infrastructure, procurement systems, supervision protocols, and security measures by which such assistive aids will be made accessible to inmates, enabling them to carry out their daily activities with dignity without compromising institutional safety.

F. Prisoners with benchmark disabilities shall be entitled to enhanced visitation provisions, in order to ensure sustained family support, emotional well-being, and continuous monitoring of their special needs. The specific modalities for such visitation shall be framed by the concerned departmental head of each State and Union Territory so as to balance security considerations with the imperative of accessibility and humane treatment.

All States and Union Territories directed to place on record a comprehensive compliance report before this Court within four months, indicating the measures undertaken for effectuating the directions issued in L. Muruganantham (supra) as well as those mandated herein -- The report shall clearly set out the steps adopted, the progress achieved, and the modalities evolved for ensuring faithful implementation of the aforesaid directions in the prisons located within their jurisdictions.

(Para 11)

A. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 38 Rules 5 -- Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), Section 53 – Attachment before judgment – Sale prior to filing of suit – Ground of fraudulent transfer -- Effect of -- Scope of Rule 5 is confined to securing the plaintiff’s prospective decree by preventing the defendant from frustrating execution through alienation or concealment of his property during pendency of the suit -- Essential condition, however, is that the property sought to be attached must belong to the defendant on the date of institution of the suit; property already transferred prior to the suit cannot be attached under this provision -- In cases where such prior transfer is alleged to be fraudulent, the remedy lies under Section 53 of the T.P. Act and not under Order XXXVIII Rule 5 CPC.

(Para 11.1)

B. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 38 Rules 8 -- Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), Section 53 – Attachment before judgment – Sale prior to filing of suit – Ground of fraudulent transfer -- Effect of -- Any claim under Order XXXVIII Rule 8 read with Order XXI Rule 58 CPC must be adjudicated recognizing the protective and procedural nature of attachment before judgment, without prejudicing the pre-existing rights of bona fide third parties -- Determination of whether the sale deed is fraudulent is exclusively governed by Section 53 of the T.P. Act and the claim petition procedure under Rule 8 cannot substitute or override the statutory safeguards and requirements of such substantive proceedings.

(Para 20)

C. Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 38 Rules 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Order 21 Rule 58 – Attachment before decree -- Combined reading of Rules 5 to 10 makes it clear that Rule 5 operates at the stage of ordering attachment, while Rule 8 read with Order XXI Rule 58 governs the stage of adjudication of third-party objections -- Rule 10 emphasises that attachment before judgment does not create any charge or proprietary interest for the plaintiff and that pre-existing rights of strangers remain unaffected -- Thus, attachment before judgment is only an ancillary, protective relief to secure the decree, subject to adjudication of independent claims, and cannot prejudice pre-existing rights or confer any substantive advantage upon the plaintiff beyond securing satisfaction of the decree.

(Para 11)

D. Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), Section 53 – Fraudulent transfer – Onus of proof -- Onus to establish that the transfer was made with an intent to defeat or delay creditors lies squarely upon the party alleging fraud -- Mere suspicion, inadequacy of consideration or the existence of a relationship between the parties, cannot, by themselves, constitute proof of such intent.

(Para 16)

Constitution of Inida, Article 14 -- Excess payment to pensioners – Recovery of -- Permissibility of -- Petitioner is a pensioner and no material has been brought on record by the respondent/Corporation to show that any fraud or misrepresentation was committed by the petitioner while receiving the pension -- On the contrary, the explanation furnished is that excess pension payment was made to the petitioner, which is an administrative lapse -- In that eventuality, the petitioner cannot be blamed as he has not mislead the respondent/Corporation in order to secure higher amount of pension – Recovery from retired employees or their family pensioners impermissible -- Respondents directed to refund the amount if already recovered from the petitioner from the date of recovery till its actual realization, along with interest at the rate @ 6% per annum, within a period of three months.

(Para 6-9)

Punjab Police Act, 2007 (10 of 2007), Section 66 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 372, 378(4) – Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 413, 419(4) -- Appeal against acquittal – Leave to appeal before High Court -- Direction given to learned Session Judge to treat the application/appeal as filed u/s 372 of Cr.P.C -- Registry directed to send the complete paper-book and record of the case to learned Sessions Judge, forthwith. Celestium Financial’s case 2025(3) RCR (Criminal) 208 relied.

(Para 3-8)

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 483 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 346, 302, 34 – Murder – Circumstantial evidence -- Regular bail -- Prima facie, the case is of circumstantial evidence, as there is no direct eye witness -- Further, whether dead body recovered from drain is of the same person for whom missing FIR was registered or not is yet to be established by the prosecution, during the course of trial -- Whether, mere suspicion of the petitioner, based solely on a disclosure statement, is sufficient for conviction, remains a significant legal question for the prosecution itself to resolve -- Petitioner is already in jail for the last more than two years and only 04 prosecution witnesses out of 26 prosecution witnesses have been examined till date -- Petition allowed, petitioner ordered to be released on bail.

(Para 7, 8)

A. Constitution of  India, Article 21 – Criminal justice system – Curtailment of liberty -- Criminal justice system, though permitting curtailment of personal liberty, mandates that such deprivation must strictly conform to the procedure established by law -- The said procedure must be fair, just, and reasonable in terms of Article 21 of the Constitution of India.

(Para 7)

B. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 82, 482 -- Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 84, 528 -- Cheque bounce complaint – Proclaimed person order – Challenge to -- Procedure prescribed u/s 82 Cr.P.C. (section 84 BNSS) was not complied with -- Three conditions, contained in sub-clauses (a) to (c) of Section 82(2)(i), are cumulative in nature -- A valid proclamation can be said to have been made only when all three modes of publication are duly complied with and proved -- Object behind issuance of non-bailable warrants or proclamation is only to secure the presence of the accused -- Petitioner has voluntarily approached this Court and undertaken to appear before the trial Court regularly -- Moreover, the petitioner is ready to settle the matter with the complainant -- Petition allowed, impugned order declaring the petitioner proclaimed person set aside – Petitioner to appear before the trial Court within four weeks and upon doing so ordered to be released on bail.

(Para 8-11)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138, 148 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 357, 374, 389, 397, 401 – Cheque bounce complaint – Appeal against conviction -- Suspension of sentence – Condition to deposit of 20% of compensation – Exception to –  Ld. Appellate Court was required to consider whether the present case falls in the exception or not, which was not considered -- Matter remanded back, Ld. lower Appellate Court to re-examine the case after granting an opportunity to the petitioner to make submissions regarding the exceptional circumstances and decide whether it is an appropriate case that warrants waiver of the requirement of deposit of 20% of the compensation awarded by learned trial Court in the light of judgment passed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Jamboo Bhandari's case (2023) Law Today Live Doc. Id. 18509 = 2024(2) L.A.R. 323.

(Para 5, 6)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166, 168 – Compensation in motor vehicle accident case – Injury case -- Age appox. 40 years -- Amputation of the right arm above the elbow -- Functional disability assessed as of 80% -- Significantly impairing earning capacity -- Considering lifelong suffering, loss of amenities, mental stress, future medical needs (prosthetics, physiotherapy), and loss of dignity attached to such a disability, enhancement is justified u/s 168 of the Motor Vehicles Act -- As such, compensation for loss of future earning is assessed as:

* Notional annual income: Rs.36,000/- per annum

* After Addition of 40% future prospects: Rs.50,400/- per annum

* Multiplier: 15

* Functional disability: 80%

Loss of earning capacity = (Rs.50,400 × 80%) × 15 = Rs.6,04,800/-

High Court is empowered to reassess these amounts to ensure just compensation under Section 168 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 – Total Compensation assessed as 9,14,800/-, rounded to: Rs. 9,15,000/- -- Claimant shall be entitled to enhanced compensation of Rs.4,65,000/-, over and above the award of the Tribunal, along with interest @ 7.5% p.a. from the date of filing of the claim petition till realization.

(Para 13-18)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Section 151 – Joint land – Restraining co-sharer from construction – Mandate of -- Suit for partition is pending and the respondents are in exclusive possession of their respective portions -- A co-sharer in physical possession of a specific portion of joint land, whose possession is admitted, cannot be restrained from raising construction thereupon -- Any construction raised by the respondents over their exclusive portion shall, however, remain subject to the final outcome of the partition proceedings – Ld. Additional District Judge rightly declined to grant stay and has dismissed the application filed by the petitioners/plaintiffs – Revision petition dismissed.

(Para 9, 10)

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 311 -- Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Cheque bounce complaint -- Bank statements in application u/s 311 of Cr.P.C -- Permissibility of -- Documents allowed to be proved by the learned trial Court are the statement of account being maintained by the Public Bank in usual course of its business -- If the respondent/ complainant is seeking the assistance of some documents, i.e. statement of account of the parties, it cannot be held that the respondent-complainant has created an evidence in his favour during the pendency of the case -- No illegality committed by the learned trial Court while permitting the respondent-complainant to prove the documents.

(Para 9, 10)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 82, 439 – Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 483 -- Regular bail -- Cheque bounce complaint -- Jump of bail – Proclaimed person -- Petitioner already remained in custody for a period of about 26 days after surrendering before the Court -- Keeping in view the bailable nature of the offence u/s 138 of the NI Act, Court deemed appropriate to grant him the concession of bail subject to the Rs.10,000/- as costs – Bail allowed.

(Para 5)

A. Punjab land Revenue Rules, Rule 16 -- Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 (XVII of 1887), Section 13, 15, 16 – Constitution of India, Article 226 – Appointment of Lambardar – Interference in – Once, the authorities after evaluating the claims of all eligible, found respondent No.1 as a better suited for the post of Lambardar, unless and until, the respondent No.1 is ineligible to hold the said post or, the said appointment is causing prejudice to the residents of the area in any manner, no interference can be done.

(Para 5)

B. Punjab land Revenue Rules, Rule 16 -- Appointment of Lambardar -- Non-resident Indian -- 16 years passed and not even a single complaint has been brought to the notice that there is mis-performance of a duty by respondent No.1 due to his absence from the village in question -- That being so, the argument being raised by the learned counsel for the appellant that the respondent No.1 is a non-resident Indian and will not be available in village to perform the duty, cannot be accepted – LPA dismissed.

(Para 6, 7)

Haryana Land Revenue Rules, Rule 16 -- Appointment of lambardar -- Theft of the electricity – Financial Commissioner found that allegations of theft of the electricity not proved as he had no concern with the said premises and the electricity meter was in the name of father of respondent No.4 and even the Electricity Department has already exonerated the respondent No.4 of any misdoing as the house in question was being used by his brother -- Learned Single Judge, upheld the said order – Orders have not been proved to be perverse -- No ineligibility attached to respondent No.4 has been brought to the notice -- Respondent No.4 is working as Lambardar for the last so many years -- No ground made out for any interference – LPA dismissed.

(Para 1-6)

A. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Duty of MACT/ Tribunal – Compensation has to be awarded once and for all as victim is not at fault and it is the duty of the Tribunal to award just compensation -- Considering overall facts and circumstances relating to treatment, mental agony, pain, disablement, loss of wages and expenditure in the hospital for nutritious diet and other expenditure incurred by the family members and other charges for attendant is also required to be considered -- Disablement and mental pain, shock and suffering qua loss of amenities -- Adopting a sensitive approach is crucial for the Tribunal -- It plays a key and vital role in ensuring not only justice to the victim of the motor accident but also to determine just and fair compensation -- The Tribunal is expected to have empathy and to prevent subsequent trauma by taking a sensitive approach to feeling the pain of the victim of the road accident because the victim of the road accident and their family often deal with physical and emotional trauma and an empathetic approach can provide them a sense of support and understanding.

(Para 11)

B. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Injury case – If no proof of income is produced on the record then Tribunal has to consider prevalent minimum wages in absence of ample evidence of monthly income of the applicant -- Accident occurred on 05.01.2011 and during that time, the appellant-injured was student of PTC course, and as per the Government approved minimum wages was Rs.4,370/- -- Therefore, the Tribunal has rightly assessed the income of the appellant at Rs.7,000/- p.m including future prospect considering disability at 40% and also multiplier of 18 which are just and proper -- Therefore, the Tribunal has not committed any error in awarding Rs.7,56,000/- as future loss of income. So far medical expenses are concerned, the Tribunal has awarded Rs.1,90,441/-, which is also just and proper.

Other heads : Appellant has to replace her artificial leg at every 3 to 5 years continuously -- At the time of accident, the appellant was young lady aged about 19 years, who lost her left leg in the accident – For Pain, shock and sufferings = Rs.2,00,000/-, Special diet, attendant and transportation = Rs.50,000/-, Loss of amenities and loss of enjoyment of life   = Rs.2,00,000/-,  Future medical expenses Rs.2,00,000/- -- Loss of matrimonial prospects = Rs.3,00,000/-.

(Para 7, 15)

Arms Act, 1959 (54 1959), Section 17(3), 18 -- Arms Rule, 2016, Rule 32 – Cancellation of arms license -- Cartridges were expended only during testing and cleaning of the weapon -- Petitioner has specifically denied that the petitioner has ever used the weapon for public firing in any wedding or any other public place – Held, it is necessary that the authority forms an opinion as to whether any licensed fire arm was either not carried in the proper protective gear or was brandished, discharged or whether any blank firing took place in any public place or fire arm free zone -- Such considerations and opinions are sine qua non for invocation of Rule 32 under the Rules, 2016 -- District Magistrate has not given any finding with regard to any of the conditions enumerated under Rule 32, violation of which would allow the authority to pass an order for cancellation and seizure -- Appellate authority also failed to indicate as to how Rule 32 is applicable in the case and also failed to give a clear finding with regard to violations of any of the conditions as enumerated under Rule 32 – Orders quashed, licence of the petitioner restored.

(Para 11-16)

Specific Relief Act, 1963 (47 of 1963), Section 10 -- Suit for specific performance -- Fabricated document in Court – Enquiry ordered by Trial Court – Challenge to -- Sale agreement dated 04.04.2000 against the defendants -- Executants of the agreement passed away on 20.01.1995 and 05.07.1990 respectively – Submission that unless and until any concrete evidence is made available on the record in support of such contentions, any order, issuing directions for conducting an enquiry for ascertaining the correctness of the execution of the document, cannot be passed – Held, if any litigant approaches the Court with fabricated documents, a thorough enquiry is required in order to ascertain the truth -- This is because filing of false documents is a serious matter that can be considered a fraud played on the Court, potentially leading to legal consequences for the litigants – No merit in instant petition,  dismissed.

(Para 2, 3, 14-16)

Constitution of India, Article 14, 19, 21 – Passports Act, 1967 (15 of 1967), Section 6, 7, 8 --- Insurance / renewal of Passport – Criminal trial pending – Effect of -- NOC granted by the trial court and passport validity restricted to one year – Again approached the trial court for grant of NOC for obtaining passport for five years – Application dismissed by trial court primarily, on the ground that the same is premature because the earlier NOC granted by the said court is valid upto 23.02.2026 -- Another ground that he has not produced any documentary proof that would go on to show that he was required to travel abroad in connection with his business – Held, every citizen has a legal right to hold a passport and that the said right can be taken away only in accordance with law – Held, petitioner is entitled to get his passport renewed for further as the expiry of his passport is approaching -- A criminal court while considering an application for grant of NOC has only to advert itself to the question as to whether the accused, if allowed to travel abroad, would be available to face the trial -- No other factor should influence the decision of the criminal court while considering an application for grant of NOC in favour of an accused who intends to obtain a passport/travel document -- Petition allowed, matter remanded to the court to decide the application of the petitioner for grant of NOC afresh.

(Para 6-9)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Consortium -- Estranged husband – Right of -- At the time of the death of the deceased, the appellant was her legally wedded husband, although it appears that they were living separately -- Question for consideration, therefore, is whether the appellant, being the legally wedded but estranged husband, is entitled to any compensation under the head of loss of consortium – Held, appellant, being the legally wedded husband of the deceased, is entitled to a sum of Rs.40,000/- towards loss of consortium. Satinder Kaur alias Satwinder Kaur’s case (2021) 11 SCC 780 relied.

(Para 8-10)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Minor Driver – No driving licence – Driven without consent – Ground of -- U/s 3 read with Section 4 and 5 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, no person below the prescribed age can drive a motor vehicle, and the owner of such vehicle is under a statutory duty to ensure that the vehicle is not driven by a person who does not hold a valid licence -- Both the owner and the driver are real brother -- Duty to keep the vehicle safe and not accessible to an unlicensed person lies squarely on the owner -- Owner cannot escape liability by merely stating lack of consent -- Breach being fundamental and directly contributing to the cause of the accident, the insurer is entitled to be exonerated from liability to indemnify the claimants -- Insurance Company is directed to pay the compensation to the claimants in the first instance and recover the same from the owner and driver thereafter.

(Para 6-14)

A. Railways Act, 1989 (24 of 1989), Section 124A – Compensation in railway accident -- Unauthorised crossing of railways tracks – Contributory negligence -- Effect of -- Even if the deceased persons were crossing the railway tracks unauthorizedly to reach to other platform, the claim for compensation u/s 124-A of the Railways Act, 1989, may still be maintainable -- Contributory negligence or unauthorized entry alone does not automatically absolve the railway administration of liability, unless the case falls within the exceptions provided viz. suicide, self-inflicted injury, own criminal act, intoxication, or natural cause.

(Para 8)

B. Railways Act, 1989 (24 of 1989), Section 124A – Compensation in railway accident -- Statement of (Loco Pilot) shows that on 17.04.2011, he was running the train and while passing through Railway Station, deceased (only 3 years old) came onto the railway tracks and while saving him, two female also came onto the track and all of three were run over by the train -- Said statement is sufficient to presume that the act of deceased persons was not deliberate, albeit, to save the child who had no knowledge about the consequence of crossing tracks, two female also lost their lives -- Railway Claims Tribunal directed to award the compensation to the claimants in accordance with the Rules and guidelines prevailing at the relevant point of time.

(Para 9-13)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Offending vehicle – Burdon of proof -- Preponderance of probabilities -- Deceased was pillion rider – Driver tendered his affidavit Ex.PW2/A wherein he has deposed that on date of accident, his motorcycle was hit from behind by offending vehicle -- In said accident, he also received injuries and was admitted in the Hospital -- In the meantime, FIR was registered in death case by his brother against unknown vehicle -- During investigation of the case, statement of injured/ PW2 was recorded wherein he has specifically mentioned the registration number of subject vehicle -- Burden of proof, in claim petitions under Motor Vehicles Act, need not be beyond reasonable doubt as the claimants have to prove their case on touchstone of preponderance of probabilities -- Keeping in view the well-reasoned and detailed findings recorded by the Tribunal after relying upon FIR (Ex.PA), copy of challan (Ex.PC) and Postmortem Report of deceased (Ex.PB) as well as observations of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Mangla Ram’s case 2018 AIR (SC)1900 and Kuncham Lavanya’s case 2025(2) RCR (Civil) 420 – No merit in the appeal -- Dismissed in limine.

(Para 9, 10)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 197 – Prosecution of Public servant – Sanction from Government – Requirement of -- Alleged offence must have been committed by the public servant while acting in the discharge of, or purported discharge of, their official duties -- Protective mantle of Section 197 of the CrPC is not absolute; it does not extend to acts that are manifestly beyond the scope of official duty or wholly unconnected thereto -- Acts bereft of any reasonable nexus to official functions fall outside the ambit of this safeguard and do not attract the bar imposed u/s 197 of the CrPC.

(Para 30)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 197 – Karnataka Police Act, 1963 (4 of 1964), Section 170 -- Prosecution of Public servant/ police officers – Sanction from Government not taken – Ground of – Quashing of summoning order:

(1) abuse of official authority by the accused persons in allegedly implicating the complainant in fabricated criminal cases, purportedly driven by malice or vendetta;  

(2) physical assault and ill-treatment of the complainant by the accused persons, constituting acts of alleged police excess;  

(3) wrongful confinement of the complainant; and  

(4) criminal intimidation of the complainant.

Allegations levelled against the accused persons, though grave, squarely fall within the ambit of "acts done under colour of, or in excess of, such duty or authority," and “acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty,” as envisaged under Section 170 of the Police Act and Section 197 of the CrPC respectively -- Summoning order quashed.

(Para 37-42)

Constitution of India, Articles 14, 21 -- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (49 of 2016), Section 2(h), 3, 39, 40, 47(1)(a) – Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (10 of 1993), Section 2(d) -- India’s international obligations under the UNCRPD, Article 31 -- Tamil Nadu Prison Rules, 1983, Rules 196, 197, 198(iii) – Right of person with disabilities in prison -- Directions issued in the larger public interest to uphold the dignity, and healthcare rights of prisoners with disabilities in all custodial settings -- The obligations herein are rooted in India’s constitutional guarantees, statutory mandates, and international human rights commitments – Direction issued for immediate and time-bound compliance:

1) All prison authorities shall promptly identify prisoners with disabilities at the time of admission. Each prisoner shall be given an opportunity to declare any disability and provide information about their specific needs.

1.1) All rules, regulations, and essential information about prison life shall be provided to such prisoners in accessible and understandable formats (e.g., Braille, large print, sign language, or simplified language).

2) All prison premises shall be equipped with wheelchair-friendly spaces, accessible toilets, ramps, and sensory-safe environments to ensure universal accessibility.

3) All prisons shall designate and maintain dedicated spaces for physiotherapy, psychotherapy and other necessary therapeutic services.

4) A State-level access audit of all prisons in Tamil Nadu shall be completed within six months by an expert committee comprising officials from the Social Welfare Department, the Department for the Welfare of Differently Abled Persons, and certified access auditors.

4.1) Periodic audits shall thereafter be conducted and updated regularly in accordance with the Harmonized Guidelines and Standards for Universal Accessibility in India (2021).

5) The prison authorities shall ensure complete compliance with Sections 40 and 45 of the RPwD Act, 2016, Rule 15 of the 2017 Rules and the Harmonized Guidelines, 2021 in all prison infrastructure and services.

6) The State shall provide healthcare for prisoners with disabilities equivalent to that available in the community, including access to physiotherapy, speech therapy, psychiatric services, and assistive devices (such as wheelchairs, hearing aids, and crutches).

7) All prison medical officers shall be adequately trained and sensitized to address disabling conditions, ensuring provision of appropriate accommodations and treatment without discrimination or bias. Furthermore, regular awareness and sensitization programmes shall be conducted in all prisons.

8) Every prisoner with a disability shall be provided a nutritious and medically appropriate diet, tailored to their specific health and dietary needs.

9) Lifesaving treatments, including regular and need-based physiotherapy and psychotherapy must be made available on-site or through linkage with government health facilities. 10) All prison staff shall undergo comprehensive training on the rights of persons with disabilities. This training shall include:

- awareness of equality and non-discrimination principles

- proper handling of disability-related challenges

- use of appropriate language and behaviour, as per the UN Handbook on Prisoners with Special Needs.

11) The State Prison Manual shall be reviewed and appropriately amended within six months to ensure conformity with the RPwD Act, 2016 and the UNCRPD.

11.1) A specific section must be incorporated to prohibit discrimination against prisoners with disabilities and promote equal treatment and reasonable accommodation.

11.2) The revised Manual shall be prominently displayed in every prison establishment.

12) The State shall undertake periodic consultations with civil society organisations working in the disability sector to develop inclusive policies and identify accommodations based on real needs.

13) The State shall constitute a monitoring committee to conduct periodic inspections and submit compliance reports every three months.

14)The State shall maintain and update disaggregated data on the disability status of prisoners, including records on accessibility, reasonable accommodations, and medical requirements.

14.1) This is to ensure compliance with Article 31 of the UNCRPD and the RPwD Act, 2016.

14.2) The data shall be made available in the public domain, subject to privacy safeguards.

15) The Director General of Prisons shall file a comprehensive compliance report before the State Human Rights Commission within three months from the date of this judgment, detailing all steps taken in furtherance of these directions.

(Para 35, 35.1)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Deceased aged 28 years -- Monthly income of the deceased was assessed as Rs.22,763/- per month -- Future prospects @ 50% added -- Further, a sum of Rs.48,400/- to each of the claimants required to be awarded on account of filial consortium – Deceased is bachelor, deduction of 1/2 of the assessed income would have to be made on account of personal expenses instead of 1/3rd as assessed by the MACT – Multiplier of 17 applied --  Total compensation assessed at Rs.36,15,839/- -- Rounded off to Rs.4,50,100/- payable -- This amount would be payable in addition to the amount assessed by the learned MACT along with interest @ 7.5% annually.

(Para 8-13)