A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 311 -- Summoning of handwriting and fingerprint expert -- Belated stage -- Power u/s 311 Cr.P.C. is of a very wide amplitude and can be exercised by the Court at any stage of inquiry or trial if the evidence sought to be adduced appears to be necessary for the just decision of the case -- Merely because the application was moved at a later stage of the trial would not by itself render the order illegal.

(Para 9)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 311 -- Summoning of handwriting and fingerprint expert – Government FSL report already on record – Effect -- Evidentiary value of such testimony would always remain subject to cross-examination and appreciation at the stage of final adjudication -- No prejudice can be said to have been caused to the petitioner merely by permitting the examination of the said expert.

(Para 10)

C. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 311 – Summoning u/s 311 Cr.P.C – No statement u/s 161 Cr.P.C. earlier – Effect -- Proposed witness was not cited in the list of witnesses or that his statement was not recorded u/s 161 Cr.P.C. cannot be accepted as a ground to disallow the application -- Object of Section 311 Cr.P.C is to enable the Court to summon any person as a witness if his evidence appears to be essential for the just decision of the case -- Provision is not restricted only to those witnesses whose statements were recorded during investigation -- Trial Court, in its discretion, is competent to summon any such witness if the circumstances of the case so warrant.

(Para 11)

Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003), Section 127 – Electricity connection – Disconnection – Opportunity of hearing -- Electricity supply of petitioner-school disconnected without prior notice – Statutory appeal pending and 50% of assessed demand deposited as required under Section 127 – Held disconnection without prior notice not sustainable – Respondents directed to restore electricity supply, while granting liberty to proceed in accordance with law after restoration.

(Para 4-7)

A. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Cheque bounce case -- Two separate complaints – Maintainability of -- Common financial transaction -- Seven cheques issued towards repayment of loan – Two cheques issued jointly by both accused while remaining five issued solely by one accused – Cheques dishonoured on different dates and followed by separate statutory notices – Each dishonour giving rise to a distinct cause of action under Section 138 NI Act – Filing of two separate complaints based on different drawers of cheques held legally permissible – Mere fact that cheques arose out of a common transaction not rendering separate complaints impermissible – Conviction upheld, sentences of imprisonment awarded to revisionist in both complaint cases ordered to run concurrently.

(Para 14, 15, 19)

B. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Cheque bounce case – Security cheque -- Liability of drawer – Loan by wife – Cheque by husband as security – Accused admitted signatures on cheques and admitted handing over cheques for repayment of loan – Presumption under Section 139 NI Act operating in favour of holder – Drawer issuing cheque towards discharge of liability of another person cannot escape liability merely on ground that debt was not personally incurred – Plea of “security cheque” insufficient in absence of credible rebuttal evidence – Conviction upheld.

(Para 16)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 -- Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (61 of 1985), Section 2(xv), 2(xvi), 18, 21 – Quashing of FIR – NDPS – ‘Opium’ – ‘Opium derivative’ – Morphine content detected in recovered contraband is less than the stipulated quantity of 0.2% and the medicines recovered from the spot thus cannot be termed as ‘opium’ or ‘opium derivative’ – No prima facie case made out -- Continuation of proceedings is nothing but an abuse of the process of law -- FIR and the consequential proceedings quashed.

(Para 7-11)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 311A – Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 -- Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 45 – Cheque bounce complaint – Expert evidence – Specimen handwriting of stranger/ third party – Permissibility of – Persons whose specimen handwriting is sought are neither the complainant nor the accused in the proceedings and are only witnesses to the case – Being third parties to the litigation, the Court cannot direct them to give specimen handwriting -- Application rightly dismissed.

(Para 5-8, 11)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 190 -- Summoning of accused – Procedure – Summoning of an accused in a criminal case is a serious matter and criminal law cannot be set into motion as a matter of course – It is not sufficient that the complainant merely produces two witnesses to support the allegations in the complaint to set the criminal law in motion – Order of the Magistrate summoning the accused must reflect due application of mind to the facts of the case and the law applicable thereto – Magistrate must carefully scrutinize the evidence brought on record and determine whether any offence is prima facie made out – Magistrate may also put questions to the complainant and his witnesses to elicit answers so as to ascertain the truthfulness of the allegations and then examine whether any offence is prima facie committed by any of the accused.

(Para 13)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 – Constitution of India, Article 226 -- Quashing of Complaint/ FIR – Inherent powers of High Court -- When an accused seeks quashing of either the FIR or criminal proceedings on the ground that such proceedings are manifestly frivolous, vexatious or malicious, the Court is duty bound to examine the matter with greater care -- It will not be just enough for the Court to look into the averments made in the FIR/complaint alone for the purpose of ascertaining whether the necessary ingredients to constitute the alleged offence are disclosed or not -- In frivolous or vexatious proceedings, the Court owes a duty to look into many other attending circumstances emerging from the record of the case, over and above the averments and, if need be, with due care and circumspection, and try to read in between the lines – Court is empowered to take into account the overall circumstances leading to the initiation/registration of the case as well as the materials collected in the course of investigation.

(Para 14)

C. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 190, 482 -- Indian Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957), Section 63, 65, 65A -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 387 -- Quashing of complaint/ summoning order --  Complaint only contains a bald and unsubstantiated allegations -- Statement of the complainant and witnesses (brother of the complainant) and (cousin of the complainant), do not identify any feature of the script allegedly copied -- Dispute Settlement Committee of SWA comprising experts found no similarity between the film and the script and dismissed the complaint -- Complainant and his witnesses concealed the aforesaid material fact and did not bring the same to the notice of the Court -- No material on record to prima facie conclude that there was any similarity between appellant’s film and complainant’s script – Summoning order held to be passed in mechanical manner and suffers from vice of non-application of mind -- Summoning order and complaint quashed.

(Para 16-20)

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 483 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 307, 148, 149 -- Arms Act, 1959 (54 of 1959), Section 25, 27, 54, 59 – Constitution of India, Article 21 -- Regular bail -- Attempt to murder – Speedy trial – Charges were framed in January 2025 but the prosecution failed to examine any witness and trial made no substantial progress -- Such delay in the conduct of trial, for reasons not attributable to the petitioner, should not operate to his prejudice -- Right to a speedy trial forms an integral part of the guarantee of life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Constitution of India -- Taking into consideration the period of actual custody (1 year 7 months) already undergone by the petitioner, the stage of the trial and the lack of progress in recording prosecution evidence, bail allowed.

(Para 3-8)

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 528 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 307, 326 – Attempt to murder – Compromise quashing of FIR – Court may look into the medical evidence and examine the same to see as to whether the conviction u/s 307 of the IPC was possible or not -- Mere registration of an FIR u/s 307 did not foreclose the right of the petitioner/accused to effect a compromise and get the FIR quashed -- An injury which has been “declared dangerous to life” is in fact an injury which is “endangering life” and therefore would be punishable u/s 326 IPC – Therefore, if a conviction was to be recorded, in all probability it would be one u/s 326 IPC and not u/s 307 IPC – FIR and all consequential proceedings arising therefrom quashed.

(Para 7-12)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 420, 467, 468, 471, 120-B – Cheating – Forgery -- Agreement to Sell -- Quashing of FIR -- Dispute between the parties arose out of an agreement to sell executed in 2004, and during the pendency of a civil suit for specific performance the accused sold a portion of the land to a third party -- Matter was already subject matter of adjudication before civil courts, and the decree passed therein had been challenged in second appeal where execution proceedings stood stayed -- FIR was lodged after an unexplained delay of about 11 years -- Not the case of the complainant that the petitioner had dishonestly induced him to part with property or money by making false representations at the very inception -- No allegations of fabrication or forgery of documents so as to attract offences u/ss 467, 468 or 471 IPC -- Allegations essentially pertained to non-execution of the sale deed and subsequent transfer of property, which would be governed by civil remedies and the doctrine of lis pendens -- Dispute is predominantly civil in nature and criminal proceedings are initiated merely to pressurize the opposite party -- FIR and all consequential proceedings quashed.

(Para 8-13)

A. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 528 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 406, 420, 467, 468, 471 – Cheating – Forgery – Civil dispute -- Quashing – Inherent powers of High Court -- While considering a prayer to quash an FIR, ordinarily the allegations made therein are to be taken at their face value to assess whether prima facie commission of a cognizable offence is made out or not -- Where the cause espoused in the FIR is essentially of a civil nature, while addressing a quashing petition, the Court must have regard to the attending circumstances and assess whether it has been given cloak of criminal offence and whether proceeding further on the FIR would amount to the abuse of the process of the court/ law -- In making such assessment, the Court may consider not only the contents of the FIR but also the admitted facts / documents recited therein.

(Para 15)

B. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 528 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 406, 420, 467, 468, 471 – Cheating – Forgery – Civil dispute -- Quashing of FIR -- Parties had entered into a Joint Venture Agreement for development of property -- Disputes regarding title to the property/land including suppression of litigation pending in respect thereof, non-fulfilment of contractual obligations, non-refund of security money and furnishing false document arose -- If there was something stark about the dishonest intention on part of one of the parties to the agreement, it would have been reported promptly and not after 10 years -- Merely because a document is not traceable in the office records after several years of its issuance, it cannot be said that the document is forged -- Recourse to appropriate civil remedy was required -- Continuation of criminal proceedings would amount to abuse of the process of law -- FIR and all proceedings emanating therefrom quashed.

(Para 16-30)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 200, 202 -- Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 3(x) -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 506, 34 -- Enquiry u/s 202 Cr.P.C. – Role of -- An inquiry u/s 202 Cr.P.C. was conducted and a report was submitted – Summoning order is completely silent on the material collected during the inquiry u/s 202 Cr.P.C. and lacks any discussion of the essential ingredients of the offences alleged cannot be sustained being a non-speaking order passed without due application of mind -- Summoning of an accused is a serious matter and cannot be done in a mechanical manner and that absence of such indication amounts to non-application of mind – Summoning order set aside, matter remitted back to the learned trial Court for fresh consideration.

(Para 5-8)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Accident by Jeep/transport vehicle -- Driving Licence for Light Motor Vehicle (LMV) –Liability of Insurance Company – No material on record to show vehicle exceeded 7500 kg gross vehicle weight – A person holding a valid driving licence to drive a “Light Motor Vehicle” is competent to drive a transport vehicle of that class, and no separate endorsement is required -- Insurance Company is liable to indemnify and pay compensation.

(Para 11-18)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 125 -- Maintenance to wife -- Quantum -- It is well settled that maintenance may be granted up to 25% of the husband’s net income – On Rs. 65,000/- as considered by the Trial Court, 25% comes to Rs. 16,250/- per month, which substantially aligns with the maintenance of Rs.18,000/- per month awarded by the learned Trial Court -- Revisionist/husband is an able-bodied person and, therefore, cannot shirk his legal obligation to maintain his wife and child -- Impugned order passed by the Trial Court does not warrant interference -- Order granting maintenance upheld.

(Para 6)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 125, 397, 401 – Maintenance – Revision -- Trial Court decided the Section 125 Cr.P.C. application without framing any points for determination, which is mandatory as per Section 354(6) Cr.P.C. -- In the absence of framing any points for determination, it is difficult to ascertain the basis on which the Trial Court passed the order or awarded the maintenance amount -- Copy of order to be circulated to all the District Judges and to all Principal Judges, Family Courts, for communication and necessary compliance.

(Para 7)

A. Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908), Section 17(1)(2) – Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), Section 6 -- Family settlement – Spes successionis -- Compromise decree -- Compulsory registration – Requirements of -- A family settlement may be arrived at even between persons standing in remote familial relationships -- A family arrangement entered into between parties having even a possible or semblance of claim in the property, when acknowledged and recognized in a decree subsequently passed by a Court, does not fall within the mischief of Section 17(2) of the Registration Act and, therefore, does not require compulsory registration.

(Para 13-15)

B. Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908), Section 17(1)(2) – Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (4 of 1882), Section 6 -- Family settlement – Compromise decree -- Compulsory registration – Requirements of -- Judgment and decree merely recognized a pre-existing right arising out of a family settlement between defendant Nos.1 and 2 -- Decree, therefore, did not itself create any new right, title or interest in the immovable property but merely acknowledged and affirmed an already existing arrangement between the parties -- Consequently, such a decree does not attract the requirement of compulsory registration.

(Para 17)

Constitution of India, Article 226 -- Punjab Civil Services Rules, Rule 3.17A -- Part-time/Daily wages service – Pensionary benefit – Application of Old Pension Scheme -- Regularisation -- Once the petitioners have been regularized in view of perennial nature of services, which they have rendered since the year 2000, they are entitled to the same benefit for the purpose of pensionary benefits as well -- Respondents directed to count the past service/part time service rendered by the petitioners on daily wage basis for the purpose of qualifying service and thereafter, recalculate and release the pension and other retiral benefits including gratuity, leave encashment and provident fund, etc. -- Petitioners held entitled for Old Pension Scheme and interest @ 6% per annum on the delayed payment of the retiral benefits from the date the same became due till the date of actual payment.

(Para 8, 9)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Section 47 -- Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166, 173 – Limitation Act, 1963 (36 of 1963), Article 136 -- Execution of decree – MACT award -- Limitation of 12 years -- Where the award dated 24.04.2000 was challenged in appeal and the FAO was decided on 14.01.2014, the execution petition filed on 16.03.2016 cannot be said to be barred by limitation -- When an Appellate Court passes a decree irrespective of the fact whether the Appellate Court affirms, modifies or reverses the decree passed by the trial Court, the decree of the trial Court merges with the decree of the Appellate Court – Executing Court rightly dismissed the objections regarding limitation, and the impugned order does not warrant interference.

(Para 5-8)

Scope of S. 528 BNSS -- Inherent powers u/s 528 BNSS are to be exercised sparingly and cannot be used unless the order reflects patent illegality or miscarriage of justice

A. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 528 -- Inherent power u/s 528 of BNSS -- Scope of – Cane be exercised to prevent abuse of the process of law or to secure the ends of justice -- Jurisdiction is to be exercised sparingly and with great caution and interference is warranted only where the impugned order suffers from patent illegality, perversity or results in manifest miscarriage of justice -- Inherent jurisdiction cannot be invoked merely because another view is possible or to re-appreciate the factual aspects which have already been considered by the trial Court.

(Para 8)

B. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Cheque bounce complaint -- Marking or exhibiting of a document does not dispense with the requirement of proving the same in accordance with law -- Party relying upon the document still carries the burden to establish its execution, authenticity and admissibility -- If such proof is not forthcoming, the Court is always competent to eschew the document from consideration at the stage of final adjudication.

(Para 10)

C. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Cheque bounce complaint  – Evidence by attorney -- Once the attorney had been duly substituted to prosecute the complaint on behalf of the complainant and the complainant’s evidence was still continuing, the tendering of documents during the course of such evidence cannot be said to be wholly impermissible – Contention that the documents could not have been tendered by the Special Power of Attorney without prior permission of the Court does not merit acceptance -- Other party retains full liberty to challenge the admissibility, mode of proof and evidentiary value of such documents during cross-examination and at the stage of final arguments.

(Para 11)

A. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996), Section 8, 11 – Appointment of Arbitrator – Arbitration agreement -- Fraud alleged -- When an allegation of fraud is made with regard to arbitration agreement itself, such a dispute is generally recognised as a dispute, which is in the realm of non-arbitrability and the court will examine it, as a jurisdictional issue only to enquire whether the dispute has become non-arbitrable due to one or the other reason.

(Para 15)

B. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (26 of 1996), Section 8, 9, 11 – Appointment of Arbitrator – Fraud alleged -- In proceedings u/s 9 of the Act, the High Court, by order had recorded a prima facie finding that the existence of the Admission Deed was doubtful and declined to grant interim protection – SLP against that order dismissed, thereby lending finality to the said prima facie assessment between the parties -- Prima facie satisfaction recorded by the High Court, therefore, a relevant consideration while examining applications under Sections 8 and 11 of the Act -- When the existence of the arbitration agreement itself is in serious dispute and requires adjudication, appointment of an arbitrator would be premature and legally impermissible -- High Court rightly dismissed application u/s 11 of the Act.

(Para 16-19, 23)

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 483 -- Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (61 of 1985), Sections 37, 21, 23, 61, 85 (21-C, 27-A, 29 added later on) – NDPS – Commercial quantity -- Regular Bail -- FIR on secret information -- Petitioner arrayed as accused on the basis of disclosure statement of co-accused -- Alleged recovery was effected from the public place -- Challan was presented on 22.01.2025 whereas, the charges were framed on 06.05.2025 but till date, out of 16 prosecution witnesses, none has been examined – Custody of 01 year, 07 months and 04 days – One of the petitioner is not involved in any other case, other involved in one more case and he is not on bail in the same -- Trial of the cases will take sufficiently long time – Bail allowed.

(Para 5-9)

A. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 420 -- Cheating – Intention to deceive – Inducement -- In order to constitute an offence of cheating the intention to deceive should be in existence when the inducement was made -- It is necessary to show that a person had fraudulent or dishonest intention at the time of making the promise -- Mere failure to keep the promise subsequently cannot be the sole basis to presume that dishonest intention existed from the very beginning.

(Para 13, 14)

B. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 420 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 – Constitution of India, Article 226 -- Cheating – Quashing -- Inherent powers of High Court -- High Court may, in exercise of its inherent powers under the Code, or under Article 226 of the Constitution, upon consideration of the attending circumstances, take a decision whether the dishonest intention existed or not at the time of making the promise -- And, if it comes to the conclusion that the alleged conduct of the parties does not reflect a dishonest intention of the accused from the very beginning, it may quash the criminal complaint/ proceedings and relegate the aggrieved party to civil remedies.

(Para 15)

C. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 415, 420 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 – Constitution of India, Article 226 -- Cheating -- Breach of contract -- Money invested for making a movie on promise of sharing profits – Failure to pay returns/profits – No allegations that the movie earned profits and the accused had dishonest or fraudulent intention at the inception of transaction – Mere non-fulfilment of promise or breach of contractual obligation does not constitute cheating – By issuance of post-dated cheques, the de facto complainant was led to vacate his objection to movie’s release, even then an offence of cheating would not be made out for two reasons; First, those cheques were post-dated therefore, did not carry a representation of sufficient funds in the bank account at the time of its issuance, Second, initial agreement, as per the allegations, was to share profit on release of the movie – Allegations only disclosed a civil cause of action and the High Court fell in error in not quashing the criminal proceedings -- Impugned criminal proceedings u/s 420 IPC quashed.

(Para 16-21)

A. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), Section 2(1)(d) -- Body corporate/ Company – Whether body corporate can be Consumer – Commercial purpose -- To determine whether the purchasing of goods, or availing of services, is for a commercial purpose or not, one has to look at the dominant object or purpose with which those goods are purchased or services are availed -- Status of the purchaser or recipient of goods or services, that is, whether it is an individual or a body corporate, is not the determining factor for holding whether the transaction is, or is not, for a commercial purpose.

(Para 18)

B. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), Section 2(1)(d) -- Consumer -- Commercial transaction -- Burdon of proof -- Burden to prove that the goods purchased, or services availed, as the case may be, is for a commercial purpose is on the respondent and not the complainant.

(Para 19)

C. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), Section 2(1)(o) – Service – FDR in Bank – Interest – Whether commercial transaction -- Merely because a fixed deposit receipt earns interest does not mean that the banking service availed is for a commercial purpose.

(Para 21)

D. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), Section 2(1)(d) -- FDR was pledged for availing credit facility -- If the deposit is made to leverage credit facilities for augmenting business, it would have a direct nexus with revenue generation/ profits -- In such a case, it could be said that the banking service was availed for a commercial purpose -- In that scenario, the service recipient may not fall in the category of a consumer unless he brings his case within the four corners of the Explanation to Section 2(1)(d) of the 1986 Act.

(Para 22)

E. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (68 of 1986), Section 2(1)(g) -- Deficiency in service – Criminal and tortious acts – Maintainability of complaint -- FDR was pledged for availing credit facility -- Deficiency in service is different from criminal or tortious acts of the service provider -- Objects of the 1986 Act is not to deal with complex factual issues pertaining to criminal or tortious liability in a summary manner -- According to the appellant the pledge is a fraudulent act and amounts to an offence -- In such circumstances, the complaint allegations as they stand cannot be adjudicated upon in a proceeding under the 1986 Act as those allegations could appropriately be addressed in a regular criminal or civil proceeding -- Hence, the complaint as framed is not maintainable.

(Para 28-32)

Constitution of India, Article 21, 32 -- Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (45 of 2023), Section 115(2), 352, 351(3), 109(1), 110, 311, 3(5) -- Bail – Writ jurisdiction -- Toll plaza incident – Attempt to murder – Robbery/ Dacoity -- Petitioners, being toll employees performing their duties, allegedly involved in a scuffle arising out of demand of toll -- Continued incarceration for over two months held unjustified and violative of right to personal liberty under Article 21 – Bail granted in exercise of jurisdiction under Article 32.

(Para 15-17)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 307, 302 and 120-B -- Summoning of Additional Accused – Murder – Conspiracy -- Trial Court need not establish guilt or conduct a detailed credibility assessment at this stage -- Pre-trial scrutiny should not resemble a mini trial -- Oral evidence alone, if credible, may suffice – Trial Court overstepped the intended scope of pre-trial scrutiny -- Inconsistencies in the overall testimonies of witnesses is a matter of trial and not within the Court’s scope at the time of considering an application under section 319 CrPC -- Testimony, on oath, by 3 witnesses, including the complainant no less, is sufficient in the facts of the case to meet the strong and cogent evidence standard – Appeals allowed, persons who sought to be produced as additional accused are ordered to be produced.

(Para 9-11)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 420, 465, 467, 468, 471, 120-B  -- Quashing of FIR -- Forgery and Cheating – Premature Exercise of Jurisdiction – High Court quashed FIR alleging forgery while the investigation was ongoing and documents were pending examination by the State Forensic Science Laboratory (SFSL) – Held: It is wholly unjustified for a High Court to quash an FIR at the threshold when the Investigating Agency is awaiting a handwriting expert’s report on disputed signatures – High Court glossed over vital aspects of investigation and prematurely concluded that ingredients of fraud were not made out –Prosecution of accused cannot be stifled when prima facie evidence of criminal misappropriation and falsification exists – Impugned order of the High Court set aside.

(Para 14-24)

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 144 – Maintenance -- Striking off defence -- Procedure -- Opportunity to file reply -- Family Court hastily strike off the defence after only two effective opportunities -- Previous order did not warn the petitioner that it was a last opportunity to file reply -- Interest of justice requires adjudication on merits -- Petitioner permitted to file a reply subject to a cost of Rs.5,000/-.

(Para 2-4)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 -- Summoning of additional accused -- Scope -- Allegations against the proposed accused are general and omnibus in nature -- Evidence sought to be relied, substantially corresponds to the material which had already been examined during investigation -- No new or compelling circumstance has emerged during trial which could justify the summoning of the proposed accused as additional accused -- Mere naming of a person by a witness in his deposition, without the support of strong and cogent evidence, cannot by itself justify the exercise of the extraordinary power u/s 319 Cr.P.C.

(Para 10, 11)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 -- Summoning of additional accused – Dowry death -- Proposed accused are relatives of the husband of the deceased and the allegations against them are general in nature – Courts are required to exercise caution and circumspection before summoning additional persons to face trial, particularly when the evidence does not disclose specific and convincing material against them.

(Para 12)

C. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 -- Summoning of additional accused – Trial in the case has already reached its culmination and the entire prosecution evidence stands concluded -- At such an advanced stage of the proceedings, the summoning of additional accused can be justified only when the evidence on record unmistakably points towards their active and direct involvement in the commission of the offence -- In the absence of such compelling material, the extraordinary jurisdiction u/s 319 Cr.P.C. ought not to be exercised.

(Para 13, 14)

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 -- Compensation in motor vehicle accident case – Injury – Permanent disability / Functional disability -- Medical Board assessed 63% permanent disability -- MACT accepted same -- High Court reduced functional disability to 30% without proper reasoning or reappreciation of evidence, not justified -- Evidence showed partial blindness, cognitive impairment, and partial loss of range of motion and stability of the left knee -- Appellant-claimant’s ability to effectively discharge his pre-accident duties stands substantially and irreversibly impaired -- Functional disability/ Loss of earning capacity assessed at 100% -- Compensation enhanced to Rs.97,73,011/- with 7.5% interest.

(Para 19-32)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Section 114, Order 47 Rule 7(1) – Review – Appeal -- No appeal lies from an order rejecting a petition for review – On the contrary, if the petition for review is allowed and the suit or proceedings is placed for rehearing, Rule 7(1) permits the party aggrieved to immediately object to the order allowing the review or in an appeal from the decree or order finally passed or made in the suit, i.e., after rehearing of the matter in dispute.

(Para 23, 24)

A. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 (56 of 2007), Section 23 – Senior citizen case – Misuse -- The Act of 2007 was enacted to uphold the traditional norms of Indian Society emphasizing the duty of children and relatives to provide for senior citizens -- Accordingly, its provisions must be interpreted to achieve the legislative intent, while ensuring that the Act is not misused for the resolution of ordinary civil or property disputes within families.

(Para 6)

B. Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 (56 of 2007), Section 23 – Senior citizen case -- Maintenance Tribunal declined the petitioner’s prayer for cancellation of the transfer deed and directed respondent No.3 to pay a monthly maintenance allowance of Rs.10,000/- to the petitioner – No recital or stipulation in Transfer deed making the transfer conditional for maintaining the petitioner – In pleadings and evidence, mere assertions have been made that the property was transferred by the petitioner on an express/implied condition of maintenance, but no efforts were made to establish such assertion by leading cogent evidence – No justification for invocation of Section 23 of the Act -- Respondent No. 3 is providing care and maintenance to the petitioner, including engaging a domestic helper at his own expense – Held, no infirmity in the orders passed by the Maintenance Tribunal and the Appellate Tribunal -- Writ petition dismissed.

(Para 9-11)

Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 45, 73 -- Suit for declaration and injunction -- Comparison of signatures/ handwriting -- Scope -- In a suit for declaration and injunction, it is for the plaintiff to prove his case -- Section 45 read with Section 73 of the Act, can only be invoked for an admitted document.

(Para 1-4)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 7 Rule 11 – Rejection of plaint – Limitation -- Registered sale deed constitutes constructive notice to the world -- Partition took place way back in the year 1968 -- Suit is filed in the year 2023, i.e. after a period of 55 years -- Further, many of the family members had executed registered sale deeds in the year 1978 – It can be assumed that the predecessors of the plaintiffs had notice of the registered sale deeds -- Plaintiffs cannot reignite their rights after sleeping on them for 45 years -- Trial Court rightly allowed the application of the defendants/appellants under Order 7 Rule 11 CPC, holding that the suit filed by the plaintiffs was a meaningless litigation, that it did not disclose a proper cause of action and was barred by limitation.

(Para 9-17)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 1 Rule 10 -- Impleadment -- Necessary and proper party – Dominus litis -- Suit for recovery of service charges – Respondent Nos.1 and 2/ Plaintiffs are not claiming any relief against the appellant :

-- No material to indicate that the relief, as claimed in the suit against respondent No.3, if granted, would be implemented against the appellant – Held, appellant is not a necessary party to the suit.

-- Appellant cannot also be construed as a proper party once it has failed to establish that it is a successor to the respondent No.3.

-- Respondent Nos.1 and 2 who have instituted the suit are dominus litis and it is for them to choose their adversaries. If they do not array the proper and necessary parties to the suit, they do it at their own risk. However, they cannot be compelled to add a party to defend a suit against their wishes.

Decree, if any, passed in the suit would be binding only between the parties to the suit and would not infringe upon any right of a third party, much less of the appellant that is not a party to the suit.

(para 37-39)

Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 18 -- Offence under SC/ST Act -- Anticipatory bail -- Prima facie case – Cancellation -- Not found any political or private vendetta for raising the allegations -- Even the police admit that there was tension prevailing in the locality which led to criminal acts being perpetrated -- Mere attempt at reconciliation cannot prevent the police from taking cognizance of criminal acts -- A prima facie case has been made out against the second respondents under the Act of 1989 -- Appeals allowed, anticipatory bail granted to the party respondents cancelled.

(Para 14, 15)

A. Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 200 (223 BNSS), Section 482 (528 BNSS) – Complaint in cheque bounce case -- Suppression of facts -- Effect: Statutory notice u/s 138 NI Act was issued by the complainant’s advocate – Appellant/ accused’s advocate write twice within few days seeking supply of documents relied upon in the notice – Documents were not supplied – Complainant suppressed the reply letters sent by the accused in the complaint as well as in the statement on oath under Section 200 CrPC – As the complainant suppresses material facts and documents, he cannot be allowed to set criminal law in motion based on the complaint – It is nothing but an abuse of the process of law – Held, High Court ought to have interfered and quashed the complaint -- Impugned order of the High Court set aside -- Complaint and the order of cognizance quashed and set aside.

(Para 13-22)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 200 (223 BNSS) – Complaint – Examination of complainant/ witness -- After a complaint is filed u/s 200 of the CrPC, the learned Magistrate is duty-bound to examine the complainant on oath and witnesses, if any, present and reduce the substance of such examination into writing -- What is reduced into writing is required to be signed by the complainant and witnesses, if any.

(Para 9)

C. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 200 (223 BNSS) – Complaint – Examination of complainant/ witness -- Recording the complainant's statement on oath u/s 200 of the CrPC is not an empty formality, object is to ascertain the truth -- Learned Magistrate is duty-bound to put questions to the complainant to elicit the truth -- Learned Magistrate has to apply his mind to ascertain whether there is sufficient ground for proceeding against the accused -- If he is satisfied, then the learned Magistrate has to issue a process in terms of sub-Section (1) of Section 204 of the CrPC (227 BNSS) -- Setting criminal law in motion is a serious matter.

(Para 10)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Section 96, Order 21 Rule 6, Order 22 Rule 2, 3, 6 -- Execution -- Decree passed in favour of dead persons -- Nullity -- Where appellants in a appeal died prior to the hearing of the appeal and their legal representatives were not brought on record, the judgment and decree passed in their favour is a nullity and has no force of law -- Consequently, the trial Court decree revives and is executable, and its invalidity can be raised even at the stage of execution.

(Para 13, 14)

Constitution of India, Article 226 -- Service law – Disciplinary proceedings – Delay in pensionary benefits – Interest -- Show cause notice on 09.02.2015 -- Petitioner retired on 31.01.2016 – Disciplinary proceedings concluded on 25.07.2017 and the pensionary benefits of the petitioner were released on 29.11.2017 -- Respondents as ‘model employer’ required to conclude the disciplinary proceedings within a reasonable dispatch -- Six months is a reasonable time – Petitioner held entitled to interest for the delayed period, six months to be excluded.

(Para 5, 6)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 195, 482 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 182 -- False complaint – Kalandra u/s 182 of IPC – Quashing -- Complaint submitted to Director General, State Vigilance Bureau and marked to Deputy Superintendent of Police -- Proceedings u/s 182 IPC initiated by Superintendent of Police -- Held, complaint u/s 182 IPC could be filed only by the concerned public servant or the authority to whom he is administratively subordinate – Even such power cannot be delegated -- Initiation of proceedings by Superintendent of Police void ab initio being without jurisdiction -- Cognizance taken by Magistrate illegal -- Kalandra and all consequential proceedings quashed.

(Para 7, 8)

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 2 Rule 2 – Specific Relief Act, 1963 (47 of 1963), Section 22, 36, 37 -- Agreement to sell – Suit for permanent injunction -- Subsequent suit for specific performance -- Maintainability -- Earlier suit withdrawn without seeking any liberty to pursue subsequent suit for specific performance -- Plaintiff was entitled to sue for specific performance when he filed earlier suit for injunction -- Subsequent suit filed by the plaintiff seeking decree of specific performance was not maintainable being barred by Order 2 Rule 2 CPC.

(Para 12-15)

A. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166, 173 – Negligence – Tribunal’s finding based primarily on the registration of FIR – Held, independent reassessment required on the basis of the material available on record -- Registration of FIR against the claimant cannot be treated as conclusive proof of negligence.

(Para 6, 11)

B. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166, 173 – Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Order 41 Rule 27 -- Negligence --  Acquittal order -- Additional evidence in appeal allowed – Said judgment has direct bearing on the finding of negligence recorded by the learned Tribunal -- Though acquittal in a criminal case does not ipso facto establish negligence of the opposite party in civil proceedings, it certainly demolishes the foundation of the learned Tribunal’s reasoning which rested entirely upon the registration of FIR and pendency of trial.

(Para 8)

C. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166, 173 – Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 114(g) -- Negligence – Non-examination of driver – Adverse inference -- Respondent No.1/ driver despite contesting negligence, did not step into the witness box to depose on oath -- In such circumstances, adverse inference under Section 114(g) of the Evidence Act is liable to be drawn.

(Para 9)

D. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Contributory negligence -- Accident occurred on hilly road and claimant was driving downhill, greater caution was expected from him – Failure to regulate speed and maintain adequate control contributed to accident – Principle of contributory negligence attracted – Respondent driver held primarily negligent but claimant held contributorily negligent to extent of 50%.

(Para 12)

E. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Compensation in motor vehicle accident case -- Contributory negligence – Injury case -- Claimant aged 23 years suffered 45% permanent disability in right leg – Functional disability assessed at 40% – Notional income assessed at Rs.2,000 per month – Applying multiplier of 18 with 40% future prospects, loss of future earning capacity assessed at Rs.2,41,920 – Additional compensation awarded towards pain and suffering, medical expenses, transportation, attendant and special diet totalling Rs.40,000 – Total compensation assessed at Rs.2,81,920 – After deduction of 50% on account of contributory negligence, claimant held entitled to Rs.1,40,960 with interest @ 7% per annum from date of claim petition – Insurance company liable to satisfy award.

(Para 14-19)

Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 (XVII of 1887), Section 34 -- Gair Marusi – Absence of rent entry – Whether tenancy proved -- Respondent-plaintiff is merely recorded as “Gair Marusi” in possession, without any accompanying recital of rent, thereby negating the essential attributes of tenancy -- Column pertaining to rent in Jamabandi is entirely blank -- Absence of any such entry decisively militates against the existence of a landlord-tenant relationship.

(Para 13, 14)

A. Gair Marusi / Bila Lagan Bawajeh Purani Kast – Scope -- Mere entry of possession as Gair Marusi in cultivation column does not establish tenancy.

(Para 21, 22)

B. Specific Relief Act, 1963 (47 of 1963), Section 5 – Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), Section 9 -- Suit for possession – Plea of tenancy -- Revenue entries showing possession as ‘Gair Marusi’ – Effect – Plaintiff proved ownership of suit property on the basis of registered sale deed and sanctioned mutation – Revenue entries (jamabandi and khasra girdawari) only showed defendant in possession as “Gair Marusi / Bila Lagan Bawajeh Purani Kast” and did not record payment of rent or existence of tenancy – No lease deed, rent receipt produced to establish relationship of landlord and tenant – Mere entry of possession as Gair Marusi in cultivation column does not establish tenancy – Earlier suit filed by defendant resulted only in protection of possession and did not determine title or tenancy rights – Claim of occupancy tenancy also declined by revenue authorities – Courts below rightly concluded that defendant failed to prove tenancy and plaintiff, being owner, was entitled to possession – Concurrent findings of fact do not call for interference in second appeal – Regular Second Appeal dismissed, judgments and decrees of Courts below affirmed.

(Para 14-25)

Constitution of India, Article 16 – Reservation – Migration of reserved category candidate to unreserved category – Relaxation at screening stage – Effect – Reserved category candidate qualified by availing relaxed cut-off applicable to BC-B category – Thereafter migration to General category on the basis of performance in subsequent stages -- Permissibility :

(i) A reserved category candidate who avails relaxation at any stage of the examination process, including the preliminary/screening stage, cannot thereafter claim allocation against an unreserved vacancy.

(ii) The expression "any relaxation at any stage of the examination" includes relaxation in qualifying marks at the screening stage, even though such stage is qualifying in nature and marks obtained therein are not counted for final merit.

(iii) When a relaxed standard is applied in selecting a reserved category candidate, such candidate shall be counted against reserved vacancies and shall be deemed unavailable for consideration against unreserved vacancies.

(iv) The distinction sought to be drawn between preliminary and final examination for the purpose of migration is totally misconceived. A person who avails relaxation at the initial stage will necessarily avail the same relaxation even at the final stage.

(v) An advertisement has the force of law and binds the parties.

(vi) A candidate who participates in the selection process without protest and is unsuccessful cannot subsequently challenge the process.

(vii) A candidate has no vested right to appointment. Selection confers only a right of consideration, not appointment.

Candidate availed relaxation at the Screening Test stage by securing “56.86” marks against the General category cut-off of “61.8132” -- Having availed such relaxation, he was rightly treated as a BC-B candidate throughout the selection process and could not have been migrated to the General category.

(Para 20, 21)

Pension Regulations for the Army, 1961 – Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (25 of 1955), Section 5, 11 -- Family pension – Claim by second wife – Validity of marriage – Scope – Widow who is entitled to a family pension is the ‘wife’ who was lawfully married to the officer -- Petitioner’s marriage with the officer was solemnised during the lifetime of the first wife and during subsistence of the first marriage – Authorities rejected claim on ground that petitioner was not lawfully married to the officer – Held, under the applicable Pension Regulations, family pension is payable only to the legally wedded widow of the deceased officer – Marriage contracted during subsistence of earlier valid marriage is void in view of Sections 5 and 11 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 – Death of the first wife after the officer’s demise does not validate the second marriage nor confer entitlement to family pension – Petitioner not being the legally wedded wife of the deceased officer, not entitled to family pension – Rejection of claim by authorities and Tribunal upheld – Petition dismissed.

(Para 21-27)

Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 27, 106 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302 – Murder – Circumstantial evidence – Recovery of dead body at the instance of the accused – Ransom calls made from the deceased’s mobile phone – Sale of the deceased’s mobile phone by the accused – Recovery of the deceased’s scooty at the disclosure of the accused – Identification of the deceased by relatives and known persons though the body was partially decomposed – Medical evidence establishing homicidal death due to throttling by ligature – Recovery of the dead body and other articles from places known only to the accused constitutes a strong incriminating circumstance – Identification of the deceased cannot be discarded merely on the ground that DNA test was not conducted – Circumstances proved form a complete chain pointing unerringly to the guilt of the accused – Conviction recorded by the Trial Court and affirmed by the High Court held justified – Appeal dismissed – However, considering that the accused has undergone more than 15 years of imprisonment, liberty granted to apply for remission in accordance with the applicable policy.

(Paras 12–30)

Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 (8 of 1923), Section 4A(3)(b) – Compensation, interest and penalty – Liability of employer/insurer – Scope – Commissioner awarded compensation with interest and also imposed penalty u/s 4A(3)(b) for delay in payment – High Court fastened liability to pay penalty also on the Insurance Company – Appeal by insurer – Held, fastening liability of penalty on the Insurance Company was erroneous – Insurance Company is liable only for payment of compensation and interest – Penalty u/s 4A(3)(b) is payable exclusively by the employer – Impugned judgment set aside to the extent it imposed liability of penalty on the insurer – Employer directed to pay the penalty amount.

(Para 17-25)

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 480(5), 528 – Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Jump of bail – Cancellation of bail -- Non-bailable warrants -- Learned trial Court, while cancelling bail, straight away proceeded to issue non-bailable warrants – Held, cancellation of bail orders amounts to an unjustifiable restriction on the procedural rights of the petitioner in the absence of any misconduct, lack of bona fides, or a deliberate attempt to evade the proceedings on his behalf -- Issuance of non-bailable warrants must not be exercised in a mechanical manner and the same must be adopted sparingly and only upon the recording of cogent reasons reflecting the necessity of adopting such a stringent course -- Petitioner-accused himself come forward to face trial -- Petition allowed, impugned order set aside.

(Para 7-9)

A. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Report of fake license – Admissibility of -- Legal Manager, in his cross examination, stated that he had never visited the office of RTO to verify the driving licence and the person who had visited was working in their office -- He further stated that he had not brought any application sent to verify the record -- Said report (Ex.RW3/B) is based on some verbal information having been received -- Nothing in writing which was produced from the RTO to even remotely suggest that the driving licence was fake – Contentions to exonerate Insurance Company rejected.

(Para 8)

B. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Future prospects – Deceased aged 46 years -- Appointment letter of the deceased (Ex.P4) clearly states that he was being appointed in the establishment in Officer’s Cadre on permanent basis -- In the absence of any contrary evidence having been led, no fault can be found with the addition of 30% made by the Tribunal towards future prospects.

(Para 9)

C. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Age of the deceased – Reliance upon Post Mortem report -- In the absence of any evidence regarding the age of the deceased, the same has rightly been taken to be 46 years as per the post-mortem report.

(Para 10)

D. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Loss of consortium -- Widow, three children and father of the deceased – Entitlement -- Parental [Rs.48,000/- x 3], Filial [Rs.48,000/- x 1], Spousal Rs.48,000/- (Total Rs.2,40,000/-) awarded.

(Para 14)

E. Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 (59 of 1988), Section 166 – Compensation in motor vehicle accident case – Widow, three children and father -- Deceased 46 years old – Permanent employee – Annual income Rs.3,39,280/- [Rs.28,273 x 12] -- Tribunal awarded total compensation of Rs.30,26,600/- -- High Court enhanced it to Rs.45,76,374/- -- Enhanced amount shall also attract interest @ 7.5% per annum from the date of filing of the claim petition till the realization of the entire amount.

(Para 3, 14, 15)

A. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 482, 483(3) -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 306, 34 -- Cancellation of bail -- Abetment of suicide – Anticipatory bail by learned Sessions Judge – Allegations are primarily based upon the suicide note and the version of the complainant, which are matters to be examined during the course of investigation and trial -- At this stage, it cannot be said that the learned Sessions Judge has ignored any material fact or considered irrelevant material while granting anticipatory bail to the private respondents -- Mere fact that the respondents are also involved in another FIR, by itself, cannot be treated as a sufficient ground for cancellation of the concession of bail already granted.

(Para 8)

B. Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (46 of 2023), Section 482, 483(3) -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 306, 34 -- Cancellation of bail -- Abetment of suicide – Anticipatory bail by learned Sessions Judge – Parameters for cancellation of bail are different and much stricter than those applicable for grant of bail -- Once bail has been granted, the same can be cancelled only if the order granting bail suffers from patent illegality or if the accused has misused the concession by interfering with the investigation, influencing witnesses, or otherwise obstructing the course of justice – Except for a bald allegation that the respondents are extending threats, no specific material has been placed on record to substantiate such assertion – No material to show that the impugned order suffers from serious infirmity or that the private respondents have misused the concession of anticipatory bail – No justification to exercise powers u/s 483(3) of the BNSS for cancellation of bail --  Petition dismissed.

(Para 8)

A. Constitution of India, Article 21, 226 -- Live in Relationship with married woman – Divorce not taken -- Police protection – Even if the petitioners are living in a “Live in Relationship”, they are entitled to the protection of their life and liberty – Directions given to respondent No.2 (Superintendent of Police) to consider the representation and to assess the threat perception to the petitioners and after considering the same, to take appropriate action in accordance with law.

(Para 11-15)

B. Constitution of India, Article 21, 226 -- Live in Relationship – Police protection -- Protection of life and liberty is a basic feature of the Constitution of India as emanating out of Article 21 -- Every person, more so, a major, has right to live his/her life with a person of his/ her choice subject to the laws as applicable -- Whenever High Court, prima-facie, is satisfied that on account of some relatives/ persons being unhappy with the relationship between the petitioners could cause harm to the life and liberty of the petitioners, then in such circumstances, the Courts are required to pass necessary directions for their protection.

(Para 14)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 323, 307, 289, 509, 34 -- Murder -- Regular Bail -- As per prosecution, the occurrence took place on the spur of the moment on a trivial issue -- It would be a moot point during the course of the Trial as to whether the offence made out is one under Section 302 IPC (Section 103 BNS, 2023) or Section 304 IPC (Section 105 BNS, 2023) -- Petitioner is a lady, a first-time offender, in custody since 21.03.2025 but none of the 23 prosecution witnesses has been examined so far -- Trial not likely to be concluded anytime soon – Bail allowed.

(Para 6, 7)