Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 91 – Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (61 of 1985), Section 8, 18, 25, 29 -- NDPS case -- Summoning of call details -- High Court directed all Courts in the State of Rajasthan that whenever an application is moved to summon the Call-details by the accused during the criminal proceedings, the same shall not be deferred and will be decided forthwith -- Accused cannot invoke and would not have right to invoke Section 91 Cr.P.C. at the stage of framing of charge -- Impugned order set aside.

(Para 2, 7, 8)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 378 – Acquittal by trial court – Scope of appeal -- Scope of intervention in a criminal appeal -- It is the cardinal principle of criminal jurisprudence that there is a presumption of innocence in favour of the accused, unless proven guilty -- Presumption continues at all stages of the trial and finally culminates into a fact when the case ends in acquittal -- Presumption of innocence gets concretized when the case ends in acquittal -- Higher threshold is expected to rebut the same in appeal.

(Para 24)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 378 – Acquittal by trial court – Scope of appeal -- There is no inhibition on the High Court to re-appreciate or re-visit the evidence on record -- However, the power of the High Court to re-appreciate the evidence is a qualified power, especially when the order under challenge is of acquittal.

-- The first and foremost question to be asked is whether the Trial Court thoroughly appreciated the evidence on record and gave due consideration to all material pieces of evidence

-- The second point for consideration is whether the finding of the Trial Court is illegal or affected by an error of law or fact

-- If not, the third consideration is whether the view taken by the Trial Court is a fairly possible view.

A decision of acquittal is not meant to be reversed on a mere difference of opinion -- What is required is an illegality or perversity -- When two views are possible, following the one in favour of innocence of the accused is the safest course of action -- Furthermore, it is also settled that if the view of the Trial Court, in a case of acquittal, is a plausible view, it is not open for the High Court to convict the accused by reappreciating the evidence.

(Para 25, 26)

C. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 378 –  Acquittal by trial court – Scope of appeal -- Criminal jurisprudence is essentially based on the promise that no innocent shall be condemned as guilty -- All the safeguards and the jurisprudential values of criminal law, are intended to prevent any failure of justice -- The principles which come into play while deciding an appeal from acquittal could be summarized as:

(i) Appreciation of evidence is the core element of a criminal trial and such appreciation must be comprehensive – inclusive of all evidence, oral or documentary;

(ii) Partial or selective appreciation of evidence may result in a miscarriage of justice and is in itself a ground of challenge;

(iii) If the Court, after appreciation of evidence, finds that two views are possible, the one in favour of the accused shall ordinarily be followed;

(iv) If the view of the Trial Court is a legally plausible view, mere possibility of a contrary view shall not justify the reversal of acquittal;

(v) If the appellate Court is inclined to reverse the acquittal in appeal on a re-appreciation of evidence, it must specifically address all the reasons given by the Trial Court for acquittal and must cover all the facts;

(vi) In a case of reversal from acquittal to conviction, the appellate Court must demonstrate an illegality, perversity or error of law or fact in the decision of the Trial Court.

(Para 36)

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957), Section 21 (1) -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 379 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 438 – Mining case – Anticipatory bail -- On the contention that petitioner has already obtained all requisite permissions including the registration certificate from the competent authority, no mining material has been recovered at the spot, involved in the case on the basis of the statement of the co-accused, FIR indicates that no offence under Section 379 of IPC and Act, 1957 is a special statute that provides a complete mechanism for dealing with any violation of the Act and Section 379 of the IPC was added in the FIR only to make the offence non-bailable, which is in violation of the law laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the petitioner was admitted to interim bail -- Petitioner has joined the investigation and is no more required for custodial interrogation – Interim order made absolute.

(Para 1-4)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 304 Part II – Culpable homicide not amounting to murder -- Death of the deceased occurred on account of his chance intervention in the fight between the accused and PW-3 – No intention on the part of the accused to cause the offence as against the deceased -- Appellant must be given the benefit of conversion of the offence from 302 to 304 Part II – Appellant already in custody for over 14 years excluding the period of remission  -- Maximum punishment is only 10 years or with fine or with both -- Appellant ordered to be released.

(Para 6-9)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 304 Part II – Murder -- Culpable homicide not amounting to murder -- Offence and the death of the deceased occurred on account of his chance intervention in the fight between the accused and PW-3 – Court do not think that there was any intention on the part of the accused to cause the offence as against the deceased -- Appellant must be given the benefit of conversion of the offence from 302 to 304 Part II – Since, appellant has already undergone 14 years without remission, he must also be given the benefit of immediate release – Appeal allowed.

(Para 6-10)

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981), Section 33A, 49  -- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), Section 33A, 43 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 188 --  Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 2(d), 4(2), 482 -- Quashing of FIR -- Offence for Water and Air pollution and Section 188 of IPC – Criminal complaint – Section 33A of The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the provisions of Indian Penal Code are expressly excluded -- Statutory scheme under Act, 1974 and Act, 1981 provides that the prosecution under them can only be launched by way of a complaint case an FIR cannot be registered under the provisions of the same – Held, impugned FIR and all the subsequent proceedings arising therefrom are void ab initio and are liable to be quashed -- FIR quashed.

(Para 6-10)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 307 -- Arms Act, 1959 (54 of 1959), Section 25, 27 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 438 – Murder – Anticipatory bail -- No documentary evidence or allegations leveled in the FIR that the petitioner at the time of alleged occurrence had instigated the main accused, or even provided the weapon of offence -- Only his presence at the time of alleged occurrence had been shown and that too, in the supplementary statement after two days of the alleged occurrence – Anticipatory bail allowed.

(Para 1, 6, 7)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 397, 482 – Conviction in cheque bounce complaint -- Enhancement of compensation u/s 482 Cr.P.C. -- Jurisdiction of High Court -- Revision against conviction -- Complainant filed an application u/s 482 of the Code primarily seeking enhancement of compensation – No jurisdictional error on the part of the High Court in passing the order after entertaining the application u/s 482 of the Code.

(Para 2, 3)

A. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 376AB -- Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (32 of 2012), Section 3/4, 5(d)/6, 42 -- Rape of minor girl aged 7 years – Sentence of punishment -- Appellant was aged 40 year at the time of offence -- High Court commuted Capital sentence to life sentence -- Court are also to take into account the present age of the petitioner and the fact that he has already undergone the incarceration – Life sentence modified to a fixed term of sentence of 30 years with fine of Rs.1 lac.

(Para 7, 16, 17)

B. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 363, 376 AB – Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (32 of 2012), Section 3/4, 5(d)/6, 42 -- Punishment for rape on woman under twelve years of age – Sentence for 30 years -- Fine for medical expenses -- When a sentence of imprisonment for a term not less than 20 years which may extend upto life imprisonment is imposed, the convict is also liable to suffer a sentence of fine which shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim which quantified as Rupees One Lakh and the same shall be paid to the victim with respect to the conviction u/s 363, IPC -- No separate sentence for the aforesaid offence under POCSO Act is to be imposed on the petitioner-convict.

(Para 11, 16, 17, 20)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 -- Quashing of cheque bounce complaint – Drawer of cheque – Requirement of -- Proceeding in the complaint u/s 138 of the NI Act was quashed vis-à-vis respondent No. 2 on the ground that he was not the drawer of the cheque -- Above view of the High Court cannot be faulted qua the second respondent – Special Leave Petitions dismissed.

(Para 3, 4)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Quashing of conviction in cheque bounce complaint – Compounding of offence – Non-consent of complainant – Cheque amounting Rs.1,50,000/-, appellant deposited Rs.2,50,000/- with interest @ 6% p.a., further amount of Rs.1,00,000/- was deposited with the Trial Court as suggested by Court --  Respondent/ complainant ought to have come forward to compound the offence – Held, Court not appreciated the stand taken by the respondent, especially when the appellant has deposited a sum of Rs.2,00,000/- more than what was ordered to be paid by the Trial Court -- Conviction of the appellant quashed and set aside.

(Para 3-7)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 201, 120-B – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 -- Murder of husband – Regular bail -- Petitioner was arrested on 01.04.2021 and is in custody since then -- Out of 13, 4 witnesses, who are private and vital witnesses, have been examined -- Taking into consideration the period already spent by the petitioner in custody, coupled with the fact that she is required to take care of her three minor children, however, without expressing any views on the merits of the case, bail granted.

(Para 4, 5)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 -- Amendment in title of complaint – Trial court allowed amendment of title of the complaint by replacing (Firm name) as the complainant with only (Name of Director) – Held, amendment is merely formal in nature and does not impact the heart of the case -- Moreover, no prejudice has been caused to the petitioner by the amendment allowed in the case title and he can still raise all pleas available to him.

(Para 4, 7)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 173, 243 – Prosecution witness in defence -- Whether a witness which has been shown in the prosecution list but not examined on behalf of the prosecution, can be permitted to be examined as a defence witness – Held, there is no bar in the law for examining the said witness as defence witness – Appellant permitted to examine the prosecution witness as defence witness.

(Para 2-4)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 374, 389 -- Fixed sentence – Appeal against conviction – Suspension of sentence -- Out five years, the appellant has undergone half of the sentence – Appeal not likely to reach before he completes the entire sentence, a case is made out for grant of suspension of sentence – When there is a fixed term sentence and especially when the appeal is not likely to be heard before completing entire period of sentence, normally suspension of sentence and bail should be granted.

(Para 1-6)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 173(8), 190 – Further investigation – Protest petition -- Second respondent was not put up for trial for offences u/s 376, 417 and 420 of IPC – Appellant, instead of moving protest petition, moved an application captioned as “under Section 173(8) of Cr.P.C.” -- Averments made in that application reveal that the appellant protested against deletion of charges u/s 376, 417 and 420 of IPC and she made an endeavour to bring on record the material which would prima facie establish the commission of these offences – Magistrate can treat it as Protest Petition and then decide the same on merits -- A technicality like the caption of the application/petition could not be an impediment.

(Para 9)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 420 – Cheating – Protracted trial – Sentence reduced to already undergone -- Criminal complaint filed in the year 1998, the petitioner is facing agony of a protracted trial, which has lasted for approximately 25 years -- Out of the total sentence of 3 years u/s 420 IPC, the petitioner has undergone actual sentence of 6 months and 7 days -- In the interest of justice sentence reduced to the period already undergone by petitioner -- Fine increased to Rs.10,000/- in default of fine rigorous imprisonment for one month.

(Para 13, 14)

A. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 406, 504, 506 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 190, 200, 482 -- Criminal  breach of trust – Criminal intimidation – Quashing of complaint/ summoning order -- Commercial disputes over variation of rate cannot per se give rise to an offence u/s 405 of the 1860 Code without presence of any aggravating factor leading to the substantiation of its ingredients -- Dispute pertains to the revision of rate per unit in an ongoing commercial transaction -- A commercial dispute, which ought to have been resolved through the forum of Civil Court has been given criminal colour by lifting from the penal code certain words or phrases and implanting them in a criminal complaint – There is only reproduction of part of the statutory provision giving rise to the offence of criminal intimidation, this would constitute a mere bald allegation -- Criminal complaint and summoning order quashed.

(Para 19-21)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 190, 200 -- At the stage of issuing summons a magistrate only needs to be satisfied with a prima facie case for taking cognizance, the duty of the magistrate is also to be satisfied whether there is sufficient ground for proceeding.

(Para 18)

A. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 375, 376 – Rape – False promise to marry -- If the consent of the victim is based on misconception, such consent is immaterial as it is not a voluntary consent -- If it is established that from the inception, the consent by the victim is a result of a false promise to marry, there will be no consent, and in such a case, the offence of rape will be made out.

(Para 7)

B. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 376(2), 377, 504, 506 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 -- Rape – False promise to marry – Quashing of charge-sheet -- Physical relationship started in 2012, though prosecutrix claimed that it was a forced relationship, she did not make any grievance about it till February 2018 -- In February 2013 and in December 2017, the prosecutrix was pregnant -- It is not the case of the prosecutrix that from February 2013 to December 2017, the appellant forced the second respondent to maintain the physical relationship -- In July 2017, there was an engagement ceremony between the appellant and the prosecutrix – Taking the prosecution case as correct, it is not possible to accept that the prosecutrix maintained a physical relationship only because the appellant had given a promise of marriage – Charge-sheet and further proceedings quashed.

(Para 9-15)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 500 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 200, 202 -- Constitution of India, Article 19(1)(a) – Criminal defamation – News article – Freedom of speech -- News article published bearing a title “Advocate ne pan masala vyavasayi par karaya jhuta mamla darj” -- News article in question was published in good faith and in exercise of the Fundamental Right of Freedom of Speech and Expression enshrined under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India – All proceedings in pursuance of the complaint filed by the respondent-complainant u/s 500 of the IPC quashed.

(Para 2, 8-11)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 – Summoning of additional accused -- Petitioner never raised any grievance by filing a complaint to the senior police officers -- Improvements made while deposing before the learned trial Court cannot form the basis for exercising the extraordinary power u/s 319 Cr.P.C -- Mere statement of the complainant, which is not substantiated by any credible material, cannot be a ground to invoke the discretionary and extraordinary power of the  Court to summon an additional accused u/s 319 Cr.P.C.

(Para 3)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 319 – Summoning of additional accused -- In the absence of any material suggesting existence of more than prima facie case available during the course of trial of an offence, courts ought to refrain themselves from exercising its discretionary and extraordinary power under Section 319 Cr.P.C.

(Para 3)

A. Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 3(1)(xi) -- Offence under SC/ST Act – Intention -- Offence of outraging the modesty should be committed with the intention that the victim belonged to the Scheduled Caste category.

(Para 8)

B. Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 3(1)(xi) -- Offence under SC/ST Act – Prosecutrix/ complainant was engaged for doing household jobs in the house of the accused appellant who tried to outrage her modesty while the prosecutrix/ complainant was doing the household chores -- Offending act was not committed by the accused with the intention that he was doing so upon a person belonging to the Scheduled Caste – Appellant acquitted of the charge under Section 3(1)(xi) of the SC/ST Act.

(Para 9-11)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 34, 362, 201, 392, 411, 414 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 – Constitution of India, Article 21 -- Murder – Regular bail -- Petitioner in custody since 8.10.2018 but only 02 of the 33 prosecution witnesses have been examined so far -- Article 21 of the Constitution of India provides for a right to speedy Trial which prima facie seems to have been violated in the instant case -- Further incarceration of the petitioner is not required – Bail allowed.

(Para 6, 7)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 420,406, 120-B – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 438 -- Anticipatory bail -- Cheating – Criminal breach of trust -- Breach of agreement to sell -- Every breach of contract does not give rise to criminal prosecution for cheating unless the fraudulent or dishonest intention is shown right at the beginning of the transaction -- Allegations of failure to keep a promise will not be enough to initiate the criminal proceedings -- Agreement to sell in favour of the complainant, however, sale deed in favour of other -- Complainant, instead of initiating the civil proceedings, had got the FIR registered -- Both the petitioners were the attesting witnesses to the agreement and had joined the investigation -- Documents had already been collected by the police and their custodial interrogation is not required -- Interim orders made absolute.

(Para 1, 7, 8)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138, 148 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 389 -- Appeal in cheque bounce conviction – Suspension of sentence – Deposit of 20% compensation -- Appellate Court passed order in a mechanical manner without giving any reasons directing the petitioner to deposit 20% of the compensation amount awarded by the trial Court within 60 days – Direction to deposit 20% of compensation amount set aside, appellate Court directed to reconsider the application filed by the petitioner seeking suspension of sentence in the light of the law laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Jamboo Bhandari’s case 2023 (10) SCC 446 -- Till fresh orders are passed, no coercive steps shall be taken against the petitioner.

(Para 8, 9)

A. Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 3(1)(X) – Abuse to SC/ST community -- It is settled position of law that insulting or intimidating a person belonging to scheduled castes/ scheduled tribes will not by itself amount to an offence under the Act unless such insult or intimidation is on account of victim belonging to SC/ST community.

(Para 20)

A. Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 3(1)(X) -- Abuse to SC/ST -- Appeal against conviction -- Prosecution has not produced or proved scheduled caste certificate of complainant during the trial -- Evident from testimony of PW-1/ Complainant, that the appellant did not hurl any abuses to the complainant in the name of his caste – PW-2 and PW-3 stated that the appellant hurled abuses to the complainant by addressing him as “kuttia chuharia”, in their presence however, they nowhere stated that the complainant belongs to scheduled caste – PW-3 have dispute with appellant with regard to shamlat land and the panchayat was convened -- PW-2 stated that he also accompanied the complainant to police station to lodge complaint regarding incident in question and police recorded his statement but no such statement of PW-1 recorded by the police is available on the record -- No member of the gram panchayat was examined by the complainant/prosecution in order to prove the case -- Occurrence of 20.07.2000 and the complaint with regard to said incident was lodged by the complainant in the Court of Sub Divisional, Judicial Magistrate on 03.08.2000 -- In the absence of any independent corroboration, the benefit of aforesaid delay in lodging of the complaint goes in favour of the appellant – Appeal allowed, appellant acquitted.

(Para 21-25)

A. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 451 -- Trial Court is empowered to impose conditions u/s 451 of the IPC, however, these conditions must not be excessively burdensome to the extent of practically negating the relief sought by an individual, as in the instant case.

(Para 8)

B. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 379 -- Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957), Section 21(1), 4(A) --  Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 451 -- Superdari of vehicle -- Onerous condition of 25% cash deposit imposed by the trial Court upon the petitioner set aside -- Vehicle ordered to be released on supurdari to the petitioner on his furnishing supurdginama (bond) of Rs.5 lacs to the satisfaction of the trial Court/ Duty Magistrate.

(Para 8-10)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439, 482 -- Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003), Section 136 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 379 – Bail in 23 cases – Personal bond and common surety -- Petitioner booked 31 cases under Electricity Act. Out of those 31, in 23 cases he stands admitted to bail -- Petitioner is not been able to furnish separate bail bonds in each of the cases – Direction given to the Courts below to release the petitioner on bail in the 23 cases on executing one personal bond in each of the case as well as two common sureties of the like sum which shall hold good for all the 23 cases.

(Para 2-5)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 148, 149, 201 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 – Constitution of India, Article 21 -- Murder – Regular bail -- Petitioner behind the bars since 02.11.2022 – Final report u/s 173 Cr.P.C. submitted on 11.01.2023 -- Out of 29 witnesses cited by the prosecution, none has been examined so far –  Culpability, if any, would be determined at the time of the trial – Keeping the petitioner in further detention, without the prospect of the trial being concluded in the near future, would be violative of his rights under Article 21 of the Constitution of India -- Bail allowed.

(Para 6-8)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 323, 342, 379-B, 384, 506, 34 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 – Snatching case – Regular bail -- Petitioner in custody since 21.07.2023 -- None of the 13 prosecution witnesses have been examined so far -- Trial is not likely to be concluded anytime soon -- Compromise arrived between the parties – Bail allowed.

(Para 7, 8)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 148, 149, 323, 324, 325, 326, 506, 201, 120-B -- Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33 of 1989), Section 3(1)(r), 3(1)(s) – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 -- Murder – Regular bail -- 13 out of 24 witnesses cited by the prosecution have already been examined and trial may come to an end early -- Material witnesses have not supported the prosecution case -- It will not be proper to keep the appellants detained, once it has come in the testimony of the material witnesses that appellants are not the assailants – Bail allowed.

(Para 7-9)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 420, 379, 447, 425, 427, 506, 511, 120-B, 148, 149 – Arms Act, 1959 (54 of 1959), Section 25 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 438 -- Anticipatory bail – Harvesting of crops with armed weapons -- Allegations that petitioners along with various other co-accused entered the fields of the complainant and harvested the crop while armed with weapons – Dispute is civil in nature regarding possession of the land in question -- Petition allowed.

(Para 2-5)

A. Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302 -- Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 32 – Murder – Acquittal -- Dying declaration -- There is no specific material piece of evidence to establish that the deceased was alive or in a position to speak when his brother & mother reached the spot -- Dying declaration cannot be ex facie accepted to be correct unless it stands corroborated by any other cogent evidence -- No material to corroborate the said dying declaration -- Conviction and sentence of the appellants set aside by granting the benefit of doubt – Appellants acquitted.

(Para 16-18)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 374 -- Appeal against conviction – Acquittal -- Where the evidence on record indicates the prosecution has failed to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt and that a plausible view, different from the one expressed by the courts below can be taken, the appellate court should not shy away in giving the benefit of doubt to the accused persons.

(Para 17)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 34 – Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 27 -- Murder – Acquittal -- Circumstantial evidence -- Deceased has suffered an incise wound which according to the doctor, who conducted the post-mortem, is caused by a sharp-edged weapon -- Prosecution has not recovered any sharp-edged weapon – FSL report states that the “pant” sent to them for examination was one dirty blue “terikot pant”, however, as per the recovery memo a “jeans pant” was recovered from the Appellant -- Nothing of these recoveries took place in the presence of an independent witness, the IO has admitted that he did not try to join any private person before carrying out the recoveries --  Evidence adduced gives rise to doubts, improbabilities and inconsistencies -- Prosecution has not established its case beyond reasonable doubt -- Appellant acquitted.

(Para 32)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 200, 202, 203, 204 -- Complaint at pre-summoning stage – Dismiss in default -- Statutory scheme provided under the Code of Criminal Procedure does not require the petitioner to appear on each and every date at pre summoning stage and his absence, therefore, cannot be a ground for dismissing the complaint for non-prosecution -- Before issuance of process u/s 204 of Cr.P.C. the complaint cannot be dismissed in default for non-prosecution due to the non-appearance of the complainant.

(Para 4)

A. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 106 -- Circumstantial evidence -- Normal approach in a case based on circumstantial evidence is that the circumstances from which an inference of guilt is sought to be drawn must be cogently and firmly established.

(Para 9)

B. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 161 – Statement u/s 161 Cr.P.C – Involvement of accused during deposition -- If the PWs had failed to mention in their statements u/s 161 CrPC about the involvement of an accused, their subsequent statement before court during trial regarding involvement of that particular accused cannot be relied upon.

(Para 26)

C. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 161 – Statement u/s 161 Cr.P.C – Improved fact during deposition -- Prosecution cannot seek to prove a fact during trial through a witness which such witness had not stated to police during investigation -- The evidence of that witness regarding the said improved fact is of no significance.

(Para 26)

D. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 136 -- Illiterate witness – Appreciation of evidence led by such a witness has to be treated differently from other kinds of witnesses -- It cannot be subjected to a hyper-technical inquiry and much emphasis ought not to be given to imprecise details that may have been brought out in the evidence -- If there were minor contradictions and inconsistencies, that could have been ignored since the recollection of exact details as to location and time can be attributed to the lack of literacy.

(Para 27, 28)

E. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 106 -- Circumstantial evidence -- PW-5, a chance witness was in his village, answering the call of nature at 6 am, at which point he claimed to have seen the accused persons going in a jeep -- The side-on view would have been only for a couple of seconds at best, since they were travelling in a jeep – It is not safe to rely on this testimony solely to prove that the appellant was escaping after having murdered his wife.

(Para 29)

F. Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), Section 106 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 313 – Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 34 -- Murder – Circumstantial evidence -- Explanation u/s 313 Cr.P.C. -- Main principle to be satisfied in a case of conviction based on circumstantial evidence is that the proved circumstances must be complete and incapable of explanation of any other hypothesis than that of the guilt of the accused but should be inconsistent with his innocence – There was alive a strong hypothesis that the deceased had committed suicide, which explanation was led by the appellant in his statement u/s 313 CrPC, and it is sufficient to create a doubt.

(Para 30)

G. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 313 – Statement u/s 313 Cr.P.C. – Evidential value -- Statement of an accused under Section 313 CrPC is no ‘evidence’ because, firstly, it is not on oath and, secondly, the other party i.e. the prosecution does not get an opportunity to cross examine the accused – It cannot form the sole basis of conviction.

(Para 32, 33)

Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (10 of 1955), Section 7 -- Indian Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957), Section 63 -- Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 120-B, 272, 273, 420, 467, 468, 471 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 – Misbranded food – Regular bail -- Samples found to be of sub-standard -- Labels of some renowned companies were also found and the spurious ghee was being sold -- Accused were also possessing and selling mis-branded food – It is a moot point as to whether provisions of IPC can be attracted -- Investigation already completed, challan filed – Custody for the last more than 06 months -- Trial may take time to conclude – Bail allowed.

(Para 10, 11)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Cheque bounce complaint -- A complaint u/s 138 of N.I. Act requires to contain  such factual averments as are necessary to satisfy the ingredients of the said provision, namely, that the cheque/money bill which has been dishonoured was issued to discharge full or partial pre-existing debt liability -- It is not be the pre-requisite of Section 138 of the N.I. Act to plead evidence in the complaint itself -- Once a specific plea has been taken, it can be later on substantiated by adducing evidence at an appropriate stage.

(Para 7)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 -- Conviction in cheque bounce complaint – Settlement between parties – Quashing of proceedings – No one has put in appearance on behalf of the respondents, maybe for the reason that there has been a settlement -- Matter is pending since 2018 – Held, once the settlement has been arrived at and the complainant has signed the deed accepting a particular amount in full and final settlement of the default amount and the fine amount awarded by the Trial Court, the proceedings u/s 138 of the NI Act need to be quashed -- Appeal allowed and the proceedings u/s 138 of the NI Act, along with impugned orders passed, stand quashed.

(Para 1-5)

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (26 of 1881), Section 138 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 – Constitution of India, Article 142 -- Conviction in cheque bounce complaint – Appeal dismissed   -- Matter was thereafter settled between the parties -- High Court rejected the application u/s 482 Cr.P.C. -- Held, since the matter has been amicably settled between the parties and since the original complainant himself is not interested in prosecuting the proceedings, it is a fit case for exercise of jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India to give an end to the litigation between the parties -- Order of sentence and conviction set aside.

(Para 3-8)

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (61 of 1985),  Section 20 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 378 -- NDPS Case – Appeal against acquittal – Discrepancies in sample -- Investigating Officer had taken a homogeneous sample of 100 grams out of the entire bulk -- Two separate parcels of the sample and remaining bulk were prepared and sealed -- Parcel containing of 100 grams Charas (homogeneous sample) was never sent to SFSL, report Ext. PX verifies the fact that only one parcel containing 7.900 Kgs. of Charas was received in the Laboratory – Three seal impressions were broken and the fourth though partially broken was also not legible -- Doubts created in the prosecution story by the gaps found therein -- In appeal against acquittal the appellate court cannot substitute its view with the view taken by learned trial court unless such view is illegal and perverse -- No ground to interfere with the impugned judgment – Appeal dismissed.

(Para 16-25)

Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978 (VI of 1978), Section 8 – Constitution of India, Article 22(5) – Preventive detention – Dossier of detention – Non-supply of – Representation – Right of – Detenue has not been provided the Dossier and precluded from making an effective representation -- Failure on the part of detaining authority to supply the material to the detenu renders the detention order illegal and unsustainable -- Non-consideration of the representation amounts to non-compliance of Article 22(5) of the Constitution -- Petition allowed, impugned detention order quashed -- Respondents directed to release the detenu, if he is not required in any other case.

(Para 5-7)

Jammu and Kashmir State Ranbir Penal Code, Section 306, 498A – Abetment of suicide – Cruelty against wife – Appeal against acquittal -- SHO without conducting proceedings u/s 174 Cr.P.C registered the FIR – Statement of the mother of the deceased was recorded u/s 164-A Cr.P.C. after 55 days of the occurrence, whereas the statements of other witnesses were recorded after more than 10 days of the occurrence -- From the evidence, it is clear that some witnesses have made improvements in their statements from their statements recorded during the course of investigation -- Some witnesses have categorically stated that the accused never demanded any dowry in their presence -- Benefit is required to be given to the accused/respondents – In the acquittal appeal, simply because the other view is also possible on the same set of evidence, the judgment of acquittal cannot be reversed -- Acquittal order upheld.

(Para 17-23)

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (61 of 1985), Section 20, 53A(2) – NDPS Case – Acquittal – Seal used in another FIR -- Whereas case seal ‘DJ’ was not in possession of police but was stated to have been handed over to independent witness PW-4  -- Ld. Special Judge has rightly concluded that seal impression ‘DJ’ never changed hands and it had not been handed over to witness after its use -- Once that be so, the entire case of the prosecution becomes suspect and obviously the respondent has to be given the benefit of doubt as has been given by the learned Special Judge – Acquittal order upheld.

(Para 24, 31-34)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 498A, 323, 504, 506, 406 – Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, (28 of 1961), Section 3, 5 -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 244, 245 – Discharge of accused -- Omnibus and general allegations against married sisters-in-law residing at distant places married prior to the marriage in question -- Complainant has stated in her evidence that her sisters-in-law are greedy people and used to visit her matrimonial home and gave her beating, and all the accused persons got her pregnancy aborted, but there is no medical evidence in support of this version -- Court below, while dismissing the discharge application has failed to notice the role of the revisionists and the probability of their false implication -- They are not supposed to be beneficiary of any demand of dowry made by co-accused persons – Revision partly allowed, ld. Magistrate directed to consider the prayer for discharge made by present revisionists a fresh in accordance with law after giving opportunity of hearing to both the sides. Kahkashan Kausar @ Sonam’s case AIR 2022 SC 820 relied.

(Para 11-21)

Insecticides Act, 1968 (46 of 1968), Section 3(k)(i), 17, 18, 29, 33 -- Insecticides Rules, 1971, Rule 27(5) – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 482 – Complaint against petitioner/ M.D. of Marketing firm -- Sealed packet of sample was drawn from the dealer for the purpose of analysis as manufactured – Dealer and manufacturers have already been acquitted – Held, it would be a futile exercise to continue the proceedings against the petitioner -- Complaint qua the petitioner quashed.

(Para 5-8)

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 154, 173, 401(2) – FIR case -- Revision against charge – Opportunity of hearing to complainant -- Accused in revision petition not made the petitioner/ complainant as party -- Further, the revisional Court also did not issue notice to the petitioner/ complainant -- Order framing charges was quashed and the matter was remanded back for fresh examination – Held, the said order is certainly to the prejudice of the petitioner/ complainant, he was certainly required to be heard before any order was passed by the Revisional Court -- Petition allowed, the impugned order quashed – Revisional Court to proceed the matter in accordance with law.

(Para 12, 13)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302, 34, 109, 120-B -- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 – Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (2 of 2016), Section 12, 101(5) – Murder -- Juvenile in conflict with law – Regular bail -- Except the personal opinion expressed by the Children’s Court, there is nothing to suggest that the petitioner would face wrath and outrage from the members of the society in case he is granted the concession of bail – Petitioner is in custody since 14.07.2022 and none of the 37 prosecution witnesses had been examined so far, therefore, the trial of the present case is not likely to be concluded anytime soon -- Further incarceration of the petitioner is not required – Petition allowed.

(Para 6, 7)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 323, 34, 341, 365, 379-B, 201, 325, 367 – Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), Section 439 – Snatching case – Regular bail -- Case of version and cross-version, in which both the parties have sustained injuries -- Simply because the complainant party received more injuries comparing to the petitioners, it cannot be adjudicated at this stage as to who was the aggressor, as it will be a matter of trial – Having regard to all the facts and circumstances, petitioners admitted to regular bail.

(Para 6, 7)

Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), Section 302 – Acquittal -- Appellant/ complainant happened to be the sole eyewitness but he had neither seen anyone killing his son nor he had deposed that he had seen anyone burning the victim -- He has not deposed anything as to why he had not tried to intervene and save his son from assault or stop the accused persons from taking him away in the car -- He himself had not received any injuries – Appellant/ complainant stated in the FIR that the accused assaulted his son with a knife and iron rod -- He didn’t mention about the use of a pistol by the accused -- However, the police have recovered empty cartridge -- Cause of death as per postmortem is also firing from close range --  Presence of the appellant/ complainant even during the incident appears to be doubtful – Acquittal, upheld.

(Para 8-14)